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Anatomy mid-term
mid-term review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| the study of the structure of individual cells is called | Cytology |
| arrange the following list of levels of organization from the smallest level to the largest level. _tissue__cell__organ__organelle__organism__organ system | 324165 |
| the maintenance of a constant and optimal internal environment in an organism is called | homeostasis |
| when body temperature rises, a center in the brain initiates physiological changes to decrease the body temperature. this is an example of____ | negative feedback |
| a person facing forward with hands at the sides and palms facing foward is in the _____ | Anatomical position |
| which of term is use to identify the region corresponds to the lower back? | lumbar region |
| A cut that passes parallel through the long axis of the body and divides the body into equal left and right halves is known as a______ | Midsagittal |
| Anatomy is to_____as Physiology is to______ | Structure, Function |
| Advancing knowledge by forming a question, collecting data related to the query, observing and experimenting,testing answers is employing______ | Scientific method |
| a person lying on the bed gazing at the ceiling. she is in the ______ position. | Supine |
| The simplest chemical units of matter are | Atoms |
| isotopes of an element differ in the number of | Neutrons |
| the most important high energy compound in cells is______ | ATP |
| carbohydrates,lipids, and proteins are classified as______ | organic compounds |
| of the following choices, th PH of the least Acidic solution is 7.0 2.3 4.5 1.0 6.0 | 6.0 |
| electrons have a___charge, protons have a____charge; and neutrons have a_____charge | Negative,Positive,Neutral |
| in hydrolysis reactions, compounds react with_____causing a_____reaction. | Water, decomposition |
| Alaska natives have a lower incidence of heart disease even though theirdiets are high in fat and cholesterol. this may be due to the large amounts of_____in their diets. | Omega-3 fatty acids |
| Which PH is closest to neutral PH? pH6 pH5 pH4 pH3 pH2 | pH6 |
| the Term______means each enzyme catalyzes only one type of reaction. | Specificity |
| the basic structural and functional unit of the human body is_____ | Cells |
| most of the ATP required to power cellular operations is produced in the _________ | Mitochondria |
| the cells DNA is is located in the_______ | Nucleus |
| the complex structures of DNA and protein found in the cell nucleus are _________ | Chromosomes |
| the triplet codes needed to produce a specific polypeptide chain are found in the ________ | genes |
| the movement of oxygen from the area of high concentration to an area of low concentration is an example of_________ | Diffussion |
| Water molecules and small ions enter a cell through_______ | Membrane channels in proteins |
| a process that requires cellular energy to move a substance against its concentration gradient is called___________ | Active transport |
| the cell membrane includes __________ | Phospholipids,and glycolipids, Integral proteins |
| the genetically controlleed death of cells is called_____ | Apoptosis |
| the tissue that always has a free surface exposed to the internal or external environment is ____________ | epithelial tissue |
| epithelial cells that are adapted for absorption or secretion usually have_______ at their free surface. | Microvilli |
| the fibrous components of connective tissue are produced by__________ | Fibroblasts |
| cells that store fat are called_______ | Adipocytes |
| the most common cartilage is _________cartilage | Hyaline |
| Osseous tissue is also called _______ | Bone tissue |
| tissue that is specialized for contraction is______________Tissue | muscle |
| the muscle tissue that shows no striations is ____________Muscle | smooth |
| tissue that is specialized for the conduction of electrical impulses is _____________tissue | neural |
| tissue changes with age includes: | repair elasticity, and thinner epithilium |
| which term refers to a reversible change in the normal shape,size, and organization of tissue cells? | dysplasia |
| cells that respond to injury or infection by dividing to produce daughter cells that differentiate into other cell types are | mesenchymial cells |
| the red color and heat association with inflamed tissue is the result of | Vasodialation |
| the study of shed cells for medical purposes is termed | exfoliative cytology |
| the pap test is a procedure utilizing_________ | exfoliative cytology |
| the three types of connective tissues include_____________ | coonective tissue proper, fluid, supportive tissue |
| _____attaches skeletal muscles to bones, and __________connect one bone to another. | Tendon, ligament |
| the four basic types of tissue in the body are_________________ | epithilial, connective, muscle,and neural |
| intercalated discs and pacemaker cells are characteristic of__________ | cardiac muscle |
| examination of a tissue sample reveals groups of cells united by junctional complexes and interlocking membranes. the cells have one free surface and lack blood vessels. the tissue is most likely__________tissue | epithelial |
| the most abundant cells in the epidermis __________ | karatinocytes |
| the layer of the epidermis that contains cells undergoing division is the ___________ | stratum germanitivum |
| the layer of the epidermis that contains melanocytes is the_____________ | stratum germanitivum |
| an albino individual lacks the ability to produce___________ | Melanin |
| the layer of skin that contains the blood vessels and nerves closest to the surface of the skin is the____________layer | subcutaneous |
| the layer of hard keratin that coats the hair is termed the___________ | cuticle |
| variations in hair color reflect differences in the pigment produced by________ | Melanocytes |
| glands that discharge an oily secretion into hair follicles are___________glands | sebaceous |
| most body odor is the result of bacterial metabolism of the secretions produced by_______glands | apocrine |
| the primary function of sensible perspiration is to___________ | cool body temperature |
| sweat tastes salty because of its________ | electrolites |
| the nail body covers the______ | nail bed |
| nail production occurs at the nail______ | root |
| the pale-crescent-shaped area at the base of a nail is called the______ | lunula |
| a child who skins his knee in a fall has a(n) | Abrasion |
| the layer of the skin that provides protection against bacteria as well as chemical and mechanical injuries is the________ | epidermis |
| in anm extensive wound_________divide producing mobile cells that invade the deeper areas of the injury. | fibroblasts |
| the repair of the dermis begins as fobroblasts produce________ | collagen fibers |
| the effects of aging on the skin include_______ | everything declines |
| an important vitamin that is formed in the skin when it is exposed to sunlight is ________ | Vitamin D |
| ___________is macrophages in the epidermis that are part of the immune system | langerhan cells |
| when arrector pilli mucles contract____ | hairs get errect, Goosebumps |
| the type of burn tha may require a skin graft is a________ | 3rd degree burn |
| whe a fair skinned person blushes, why does his or her skin turn red? | increased blood flow to capallaries, blood rushes to the face |
| if the papilla of a hair follicle is destroyed ? | no hair grows |
| wrinkles and sagging skin in elderly individuals are the result of ___________ | decline of protein elastin/ collagen fibers in the skin weakening |
| what happens if body temperature rises above normal? | blood flows is going to increase to the skin/ thermo regulation |
| types of skin cancers include______ | Basal cell carcinoma and melanoma |
| cyanosis is indicated by________ | bluish coloration to the skin melanoma |
| a suntan actually results from_______ | exposure to UV rays, increased production of Melanin |
| skin inflammation is termed______ | dermititis |
| when assesing a patient,you discover that after pinching the skin o the back of the hand, it remains peaked. this is a sign of______ | dehydration |
| the dermis provides________ | protection, mechanical strength, and flexibillity. |
| a common cause of dandruff is __________ | Seborrheic dermatitis |
| Charlie is badly burned in an accident. when he reaches the emergency room, the examining physician finds that he can remove entire hair follicles from charlies arm whe he gently pulls on a hair with his forceps. charlie is suffering from a(n)___burn. | 3rd degree burn |
| the function of the skeletal system includes: | Support,storage, blood cell production,leverage, |
| the humerous is an example of a(n)_______bone | long |
| the sternum is an example of a(n)__________bone | flat |
| the vertebrae are examples of__________bones | irregular |
| the central canal of an osteom contains: | bLOOD VESSELS |
| THE TYPE OF bone that is adapted to withstand stresses that arrive from a limited range of directions is__________bone | Compact |
| the medullary cavity contains:______ | yellow Marrow |
| teh shaft of a long bone is called the______ | diaphysis |
| calcification refers to the________ | deposition of calcium salts in other tissue |
| when production of sex hormones increases, bone growth_______ | Increases |
| elevated levels of calcium ion i the blood stimulate the secretion of hormone_____ | Calcitonin |
| the hormone calcitonin functions to | decrease calcium ions in the blood |
| excess growth hprmone prior to puberty would result in_______ | gigantism |
| a lack of exercise would | decrease bone mass, brittle |
| when stress is applied to a bone | electoral fields are going to stimulate osteoblasts |
| the following are steps i the process of bone repair. the correct order of these events is:__cells of the periosteum and endosteum divide equally__a fracture hematoma forms__osteoclasts and osteoblasts remodel the region of injury.__an external ca | 2-1-3-4-5 look at 108 on w/s |
| a condition that produces a reduction in bone mass sufficient to compromise normal function is____ | osteoporosis |
| ____fractures are completely internal; they do not break through the skin. | closed or simple |
| the deposition of calcium salts in tissues other than bone is referred to as | Calcification |
| a child with rickets would have | bow legs |
| if a human femur is found lying in a field, a pathologists can determine the age sex, and general appearance of the individual as a result of studying which part of the bone? | surface features |
| the femur can withstand _________times the body weight without breaking. | 10-15 |
| ________bone reduces the weight of the skeleton and makes it easier for muscles to move the bones. | spongy |
| intra membranous ossification begins with the_______cells | osteoblast |
| the most abundant mineral in the body is____ | calcium |
| while on a school trip in colorado, heidi falls and breaks her femur. what would you expect to see as a part of her nursing assesment several hours after the fall? | Hematoma |
| HOW WOULD INDREASING THE proportion of organic molecules to inorganic components in the bony matrix affect the physical characteristics of bone? | more flexible |
| if the rate of osteolysis exceeds osteogenesis, bones will | demineralize |
| when the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone___ | growth stops |
| premature closure of epiphyseal plates could be caused by | sex hormone |
| the condition known as osteopenia | inadequate ossification |
| Stem cell whose divisions produce osteoblasts | osteoprogenitor |
| immature bone cell that secrets organic components of matrix | Osteoblasts |
| mature bone cell that maintains the bone matrix | Osteocytes |
| multinucleated cell that secretes acids and enzymes to dissolve bone matrix | osteoclasts |
| responsible for blood cell formation | red bone marrow |
| stores adipose tissue for an energy reserve | yellow bone marrow |
| the functions of the integumentary system are | protection, excretion, maintenance of body temp., synthesis of vitamin D, storage, |
| Accessory structures of the skin include | hair, nails, and multicellular eccrine gland |
| strechmarks are due to | dehydration and "extensive distension" |
| Scar tissue is the result of | an abrasion |
| Stages in regeneration__ contraction occurs __ Granulation tissue is formed __ cells of the stratum germinativum divide and migrate __ a scab forms on the surface | 4-3-2-1 |
| vitamin D is necessary for | to aid normal absorption of calcium and phosphorus |
| bill develops a benign tumor of the parathyroid glands, which causes the level of parathyroid hormone in his blood to be higher than normal. Which of the following would you expect to occur as a result of this condition? | Hypercalcemia |
| Mary is 50 years old. During a checkup, a bone scan reveals that portions of her skeleton show greater then normal demineralization. after reviewing the results, her physician suggests hormone therapy. what hormone will she prescribe for her patient? | Estrogen |
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