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Concept Dis. Ch 2
Cells & Tissues: Structure & Function in Hlth & Disease
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| tissues | group of similar cells joined to perform a specific function |
| organs | group of different tissues organized to perform a specific function |
| organ systems | group of organs that function together as unit |
| various organ systems are integrated to form | a functioning organism |
| dysfunction at any the level of tissue, organ, organ system or orgransim can cause | disease |
| cells having different functions differ in ___ but all have different features in common | structure |
| nucleus consists of ___ stored in a cell | genetic information |
| directs the metabolic function of the cell | the nucleus |
| structures in the nucleus' cytoplasm | carry out the directions for the cell |
| organelle | small structure in cytoplasm which play important function within cell |
| filaments of structural protein, contained in cytoplasm, form | the cytoskeleton of the cell |
| cytoskeleton | framework of the cell |
| some cells also contain filaments of | contractile protein |
| cytoplasm, nucleus & organelles are surrounded by membranes composed of | lipid & protein molecules, seperating structures from one another |
| nucleus contains two different types of | nucleic acid combined with protein |
| deoxyribonucleic acid DNA | nucleic acid that carries genetic information |
| nuclear chromatin | DNA network of granules |
| DNA is contained in | the chromosomes of nuclei |
| appears long & thin in nondividing cell; appearing as network of granules | DNA molecules |
| riboneucleic acid RNA | nucleic acid contained in nuclei of cells |
| component of messenger, transfer and ribosomal | RNA molecules |
| the RNA nucleus is seperated from cytoplasm by | double-layered nuclear membrane |
| small pores in the nuclear membrane permit | comminucation between nucleus and cytoplasm |
| cytoplasm of cell consists of | mass of protplasm surrounded by cell membrane |
| cell membrane acts | selectively to allow some materials into/out of cell, while restricts passge of others |
| cytoplam can contain various organelles & may also contain | products that accumulate within the cell, such as glycogen/fat |
| mitochondria, ER, Golgi app, lysosomes, centrioles, cytoskeleton tubules/filaments are | most important organelles in cytoplasm |
| some disease have been associated with abnormalities in | cytoplasmic organelles |
| mitochondria | rod-shaped structures in cell |
| contains enzymes capable of converting food materials into energy by oxidizing them | mitochondria |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | high-energy phosphate compound liberates energy to power numerous cellular metabolic processes |
| cell uses energy, created by mitchondria, to manufacture | ATP |
| endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | mass of hollow, tubular channels within cytoplasm, frequently bordered by ribosomes |
| network communicates with both nuclear membrane & cell membrane | endoplasmic reticulum (ER) |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) has numerous | ribosomes attached to external surface |
| function is to synthesize protein that will be secrete by the cell | rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) |
| ribosomes | small cytoplasmic organelles serving as site of protein synthesis |
| usually attached to RER but may also be free in cytoplasm | ribosomes |
| digestive enzymes & antibody proteins are produced by | protein synthesis |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) | membranes contain enzymes that synthesize lipids & other substances |
| lacks ribosomes attached to external surface | smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) |
| Golgi apparatus | group of membrane-lined sacs in cytoplasm of cell near nucleus |
| sacs of Golgi apparatus are connected with | tubules of RER |
| pass through RER tubules into Golgi apparatus | proteins produced by ribosomes attached to RER |
| large carbohydrated molecules synthesized & combined with proteins, then formed into secretory granules & discharged from cell, in | Golgi apparatus |
| lysis | dissolving |
| soma | body |
| lysosomes | cytoplasmic organelles filled with protein disolving enzymes |
| Golgi apparatus makes | lysosomes |
| "digestive system" of the cell | are the lysosomes |
| lysosomes break down material brought into the cell by | phagocytosis |
| phagocytosis | ingestion of particulate of foreign material by cell |
| vacuole | cavity or vesicle in the cytoplasm of a cell containing fluid |
| phagocytic vacuole | membrane-lined cavity where ingested particle becomes enclosed during phagocytosis |
| lysosomes merge with phagocytic vacuole, & their celle membranes fuse allowing for | digestive enzymes to flow in & digest engulfed material |
| prevents injury of cell by preventing digestive enzymes from leaking into cytoplasm | digestion taking place entirely within vacuole |
| structures within cytoplasm of cells that carry out functions of cell are known as | organelles |
| cell controlled by this structure, which houses genetic material behind double-layered membrane | nucleus |
| cytoskeleton is composed of | microtubules, microfilaments &intermediate filaments |
| process by which stratified epithelium produces a protective layer of fibrous protein | keratinization |
| long, star-shaped cells that interface to form framework of CNS | astrocytes |
| mesoderm of the developing embryo will eventually produce | bladder |
| how many types of nucleotides compose DNA | four |
| active transport is the opposite of osmosis because | it requires energy to be expended |
| unnatural death and necrosis of cells due to external factors | apoptosis |
| as cells age they become | less resistant to injury |
| in some diseases lysosomal enzymes are not able to function properly causing | incompletely digested material to accumulate with lysosomes disruptin cell function |
| peroxisomes are cytoplasmic organelles that contain | enzymes to break down various potentially toxic intracellular molecules |
| hydrogen peroxide H2O2 is | potentially toxic byproduct of enzyme action |
| promtply decomposed by one of enzymes in peroxisome | hydrogen peroxide H2O2 |
| centrioles | short cylindrical structures adjecent to nucleus, move to opposite poles of cell |
| participate in formation of mitotic spindle during first cell division | centrioles |
| spindle fibers attach to chromosomes causing | them to seperate during course of cell division |
| cytoskeleton | consists of 3 diff types of protein tubules & filaments; responsible for cell movements |
| microtubules | largest cytoskeleton components |
| microfilaments | smallest cytoskeleton components |
| intermediate filaments | small, tough protein filaments which reinforce interior of cell, hold organelles in proper position & resp for characteristic shape of each specific type of cell |
| five different types of intermediate filaments can be identified in cells by | specific histological techniques |
| characteristic of each type of cell | each type of intermediate filament |
| identification & characterization of intermediate filaments often provides | diagnostic & prognostic information |
| in Alzheimer disease | intermediate filaments exhibit characteristic abnormalities establishing diagnosis |
| useful in diagnosing tumors | identification of type of intermediate filament |
| epithelium | groups of cells clesly joined together, in single layer or many layers thick |
| cover exterior & line interior body surfaces that communicate with outside the body | epithelial cells |
| parenchymal cell | functional cell of an organ or tissue |
| parenchyma | functional cells of organ, contrasted with connective & supporting tissue forming its framework |
| endothelium | layer of simple squamous epithelium lining interiors of heart & blood/lymphatic vessels |
| mesothelium | layer flat squamous epithelial cells lining surfaces of plueral, pericardial, & peritoneal cavities |
| mesoderm | middle germ layer of embryo, giving rise to specific organs & tissues |
| endothelium & mesothelium characterized as epithelium, but actually more closely related to | connective tissue |
| endothelium & mesothelium arise along with connective tissues from | mesoderm |
| epithelial cells are supported by | a thin basement membrane |
| cells nourished by diffusion of material from capillaries in underlying connective tissue; there are no blood vessels in | epithelium |
| simple squamous epithelium can only be found forming | lining of pulmonary air sacs |
| simple columnar epithelium lines | most of gastrointestinal tract |
| pseudostratified columnar epithelium is a type of | simple columnar epithelium |
| pseudostratified columnar epithelium cells are tightly packed, their nuclei appear to | lie at different levels |
| lines most of respiratory tract & present in few other areas; often ciliated | pseudostratified epithelium |
| pseudostratified columnar epithelium give appearance of | stratification |
| covers external body covering, lines oral cavity, esophagus & vagina | stratifies squamous epithelium |
| stratified epithelium is named for appearance of | most superficial cell layer |
| designed "stratified squamous" even though deeper layers are cubiodal cells | stratified epithelium |
| keratin | insoluable sulfur-containing protein that is principal constiuent of hair/nails |
| transitional epithelium consists of layer larger superficial cells covering deeper layer of | cuboidal cells |
| lines bladder & other parts of urinary tract | transitional epithelium |
| become flattened when bladder distended & resume original shape when bladder empty | superficial cells of transitional epithelium |
| all types of epithelium perform | a protective function |
| exocrine gland | discharges secretions through duct onto mucosal surface |
| endocrine gland | discharges secretion directly into bloodstream |
| matrix | extracellular material in which connective tissue cells are embedded |
| collagen fibers | long, flexible fibers composed of protein |
| elastin | protein that is chief constituent of elastic fibers |
| similar to collagen | elastin |
| collagen fibers are strong but do not | stretch |
| elastic fibers | readily stretch & return to former shape when stretching force released |
| composed of elastin & are not as strong as collagen | elastic fibers |
| reticulin fibers | thin & delicate protein substance that is a constituent of reticular tissue |
| include various loose & dense fibrous, elastic, reticular, adipose, cartilage & bone | connective & supporting tissues |
| hematopoietic tissue & lymphatic tissue are classified as connective tissue originating from | the mesoderm |
| tissues involved in the formation of blood cells | hematopoietic tissue |
| tissues involved in the formation of lymphocytes | lymphatic tissue |
| loose fibrous tissue forms subcutaneous tissue and | fills in around organs |
| ligaments & tendons are composed of | dense fibrous tissue |
| reinforce joints & attached muscles to bone | ligaments & tendons |
| the most widely distributed fibrous tissue | loose |
| forms membrane wrapped around walls of blood vessels & characteristic distensibility of large arteries | elastic tissue |
| forms part of the walls of the trachea & bronchi | elastic membranes |
| fine mesh-work of a specific type of fiber, which forms the supporting framework of various organs | reticular tissue |
| reticular tissues makes up organs such as | liver, spleen & lymph nodes |
| variety of loose fibrous tissue containing large numbers of fat cells | adipose tissue |
| functions as padding & insulation; is a stored form of energy | adipose/fat |
| type of supporting tissue in which cells dispersed in dense matrix | cartilage |
| hyaline cartilage | translucent, bluish-white, consisting of cells embedded in apparently homogeneous matrix |
| most common type of cartilage | hyaline |
| covers ends of bones at movable joints, forms greater part of laryngeal/tracheal cartilages, & connects ribs to sternum | hyaline cartilage |
| yellowish flexible cartilage having the matrix infiltrated in all directions by a network of fibers | elastic cartilage |
| elastic cartilage if found, chiefly, in the | external ear, Eustachian tube, & some cartilages of larynx/epiglottis |
| elastic fibers impart ___ which is lacking in other cartilages | flexibility |
| contains many dense collagen bundles embedded in matrix; found in areas of weight-bearing stress | fibrocartilage |
| fibrocartilage forms the discs between vertebral bodies and | cartilages of the knee joints |
| highly specialized, rigid,largely calcareous connective tissue | bone |
| means containing calcium carbonate | calcareous |
| contains hematopoietic cells, which are permeated with calcium salts | matrix of bone |
| contains filament of specialized intracellular contractile proteins | muscle cells |
| the contractile proteins are | actin & myosin |
| protein found especially in microfilaments, as those comprising myofibrils | actin |
| actin is active in cellular movement, the maintenance of cell shape and | muscular contraction |
| fibrous globulin of muscle that can split ATP | myosin |
| myosin reacts with actin to form | actomyosin |
| viscus contractile complex; concerned together with ATP in muscular contraction | actomyosin |
| smooth muscle | functions automatically & not under conscious control |
| striated muscle | moves skeleton & under voluntary control |
| cardiac muscle | found only in the heart; functions automatically & not under conscious control |
| lacks cross striations, made up of elongated spindle-shaped cells w/central nucleus | smooth muscle |
| marked by transverse dark and light bands, includes skeletal and usually cardiac muscle | striated muscle |
| elongated striated muscle fibers consists of single cell having intrinsic rhythm of contraction/relaxation even when isolated; branched ends to other such cells by intercalated disks | cardiac muscle |
| neuron | one of cells that constitute nervous tissue, transmit nervous impulses |
| neuroglia | supporting nervous tissue cells |
| astrocytes | star-shaped cells with numeroud highly branched processes interlace to form meshwork |
| oligodendroglia | small sellc with scanty cytoplasm surround individual nerve cells in CNS |
| microglia | phagocytic cells of nervous system |
| stroma | tissue that forms framework of organ |
| trophoblast | cell derived from fertilized ovum that gives rise to fetal membranes & contribute to formation of placenta |
| inner cell mast | group cells dervied from fertilized ovum & destined to form embryo |
| germ layers | 3 layers of cells derived from inner cell mass |
| ectoderm | outer germ layerin embryo, gives rise to specific organs & tissues |
| entoderm | inner germ layer of embryo, gives rise to specific organs & tissues |
| forms external cover of body & various organs that bring person into contact with external enviroment | ectoderm |
| forms "internal linings" | entoderm |
| layers of cells sandwished btwn ectoderm & endoderm | mesoderm |
| genetic code | information carried by codons on DNA molecules in chromosomes |
| chromosomes are composed of | DNA combined with protein |
| nucleotide | basic structural unit of DNA |
| consists of phosphate group linked to , joined to a base | nucleotide |
| deoxyribose | a 5-Carbon sugar |
| base | solution containing excess of hydroxyl ions & having a pH greater than 7.0 |
| purine base | contains fused double ring of carbon & nitrogen atoms; type of DNA base |
| pyrimidine base | contains only single ring; type of DNA base |
| purine bases are | adenine & guanine |
| pyrimidine bases are | thyamine & cytosine |
| there are 4 different nucleotides in DNA each containing | a different base |
| DNA molecules consists of 2 strands of DNA heald together by | weak chemical attractions btwn adjent bases of adjacent chains |
| the chemical structures os the bases is such so that adenine can only pair with | thymine |
| complementary bases allow for | conservation of your genetic code |
| the chemical structures os the bases is such so that guanine can only pair with | cytosine |
| in DNA strands, as a spiral staircase, the complementary bases form the | steps |
| in DNA strands, as a spiral staircase, the phosphate groups form the | two railings |
| as a cell prepared to divide, the double strands of DNA | duplicate themselves |
| as a cell prepared to divide, the two chains of DNA separate & each chain serves as | a model for the synthesis of a new chain |
| because of base pairing, arrangements of nucleotides in original chain determine | how nucleotide will reassmble to form a new chain |
| process of duplication | forms 2 double strands, each containing 1 of original strands & 1 newly formed strand |
| DNA in the nucleus "tells the cell what to do" by | directing synthesis of enzymes & other proteins by ribosomes in cytoplasm |
| messenger RNA or mRNA | carries message encoded in DNA to ribosomes in cytoplasm |
| mRNA consists of | single strand strand, 5-C sugar ribose & uracil as the base |
| during synthesis of mRNA the DNA chain | partially separates & serves as model on which mRNA is assembled |
| information transported on mRNA is exact copy of genetic info possessed by | nuclear DNA |
| mRNA strand leaves nucleus through | pores in nuclear membrane |
| once out of nuclear membrane mRNA attaches to | ribosomes in cytoplasm |
| ribosomes in the cytoplasm are small nucleoprotein particles where | enzymes & other proteins are contructed from individual amino acids |
| information in mRNA strand that attaches to ribosomes in cytoplasm determines | combination of amino acids require to assemble the protein |
| amino acids are transported to the ribosomes by means of | transfer RNA or tRNA |
| tRNA | "picks up" required amino acids from cytoplasm & transfers them to the ribosomes where assembled in proper order according to mRNA info |
| diffusion | movement of solute from more concentrated to more dilute solution |
| movement of water molecules from dilute solution to more concentrated solution | osmosis |
| diffusion & osmosis are both | passive processes, that do not require cell to expend energy |
| if membrane is freely permeable to both water/solute particles, solute particles diffuse | from higher solute concentration on rght side of membrane into lower solute on lft side |
| in freely permeable membrane, at same time solute is diffusing, water particles diffuse | in opposite direction, from more dilute on rght side to more concentrated on lft |
| at equilibrium the concentration of water & solute particles are | the same on both sides on membrane |
| even after equilibrium is acheived, water & solute particles continue to move | in both direction, equally |
| if membrane not permeable to solute particles on one side, water molecules moves by osmosis | from left to more concentrated right side of membrane |
| osmotic activity/osmotic pressure | pressure required to stop osmosis through semipermeable membrane btwn solution & pure solvent |
| the more concentrated the solution the higher its | osmotic pressure |
| osmolarity | reflects # of dissolved particles in solution |
| osmolarity of bodily fluids is usually expressed in | milliosmoles per liter (mOsm/L) because contain low concentrations of dissolved particles |
| movement of water/solute btwn extracellular & intracellular fluid is regulated by | the cell membrane |
| osmolarity of extracellular & intracellular fluids is | the same; two fluid compartments in equilibrium |
| solutes in extracellular fluid which contribute to its osmolarity are | Na+ (sodium), Cl- (chloride), & HCO3- (bicarbonate) ions |
| major intracellular ions are | K+ (potassium) & PO4-3 (phosphate) |
| sodium-potassium ions differences on two sides of cell membrane are important for | normal cell functions |
| tonicity | effective osmotic pressure equivalent |
| isontonic solution | osomtically = to patient's body fluids & can safely be administered to patient |
| only solutions used for intravenous administration | isotonic solutions |
| hypertonic solution | one having an osmotic pressure greater than that of a standard of reference |
| cells exposed to hypertonic solutions | shrink because water moves by osmosis into hypertonic fluid |
| hypotonic solution | one having an osmotic pressure less than that of a standard of reference |
| cells exposed to hypotonic solutions | swell as water moves by osmosis from hypotonic fluid into cells where osmolarity is higher |
| osmotic flow of water into cells, such as red cells, may be so great that | cell membranes of overdistended cells may rupture, causeing red cells to collapse & hemoglobin to leak from cells |
| if osmolarity of ECF higher than that within cells | water flows by osmosis from cell into ECF, and vice versa |
| in disease osmolarity of ECF may be high/low leading to | secondary changes in water content of cells & impair their function |
| in active transport the cell must expend energy to | move against concentration gradient |
| many metabolic processes depend on | active transport of ions or molecules |
| pinocytosis | liquid absorption by cells which a segment of cell membrane forms small pockets & engulfs liquid |
| atrophy | reduction in size of cells in response to diminished function, inadequate hormonal stimulation, or reduced blood supply |
| hypertrophy | increase in size of cells without actual increase in # of cells |
| hyperplasia | increase in the number of cells |
| hyperplasia occurs in response to | increased demand |
| metaplasia | change from one type of cell to another type, better able to tolerate adverse enviromental condition |
| dysplasia | abnormal maturation of cells |
| neoplasia | pathological process results in formation/growth of tumor |
| if increased demand placed on cells to inactivate/detoxify drugs/chemicals they respond by | synthesizing more SER enzymes to handle demand more efficiently |
| most common morphological abnormalities of an injured cell are | cell swelling & fatty change |
| normally functioning cell actively transports | potassium into cell & moves sodium out |
| if a cell is injured & unable to function normally | the transport mechanism begins to fail |
| cell swelling occurs, if a cell is injured, when | sodium diffused into cell, & water moves along with it |
| if cell swelling continues, the cell may accumulate | fluid-filled vacuoles which may eventually rupture |
| fatty change to a cell may occur if enzyme systems that metabolize fat are imparied causing | fat droplets within cytoplasm |
| common manifestation of liver injury | fatty change |
| necrosis | structural changes associated with cell death |
| all necrotic cells are | dead |
| a dead cell is not necessarily necrotic because | structural changes that characterize cell death take several hours to develop |
| on histological exams necrotic cells are easily recognised because | structural & staining characteristics are quite different from normal cells |
| all normal cells have a predetermined | life span; programmed to die after specific period of time |
| number of functional cells in body tissues is determined by balance of | proliferation of new cells & death of older "worn-out" cells |
| apoptosis | programmed cell death that occurs after cell has lived its normal life span |
| if genes that regulate apoptosis become deranged/cease to function properly, cells may | continue to proliferate instead of dying as they should |
| excessive #s of cells may accumulate in organs/tissues, which | disrupts their functions & leads to disease |
| failure of normal mechanisms regulating apoptosis appear to result in | some tumors |
| series of messages within chromosome that regulates various functions of cell | genetic code |
| genetic code is | contained within structure of DNA & transmitted to each newly formed cell in cell division |
| within the cytoplasm are numerous small structures that have important role in cell functions | organelle |
| increase in size of tissue/organ caused by increase in the number of cells | hyperplasia |
| condition in which development/maturation of cells disturbed & abnormal | dysplasia |
| movement of dissolved particles from a more concentrated to a more dilute solution | diffusion |
| major type of tissue whose major functions are protection, absorption and secretion | epithelial tissue |
| major type of tissue whose major functions are connecting/supporting tissue(s), distensibility of arteries, & forming supporting framework of organs | connective/supportive tissues |
| major type of tissue whose major functions are forming walls of hollow internal organs, move the skeleton, and forms cardiac tissue | muscle tissue |
| major type of tissue whose major functions are to support and transmit nerve impulses | nerve tissue |
| increase in both cell size and number due to a specific demand vs. an individual cells varying in size and shape from development/maturation | difference between hyperplasia & dysplasia |
Created by:
lfrancois
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