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Concept Disease Ch1
Principles of Diagnosis
| disease | |
| lesions | well-defined, characteristic structural changes present in various organs/tissues |
| disease is often associated with | lesions |
| gross examination | examining with naked eye |
| histological examination | exam with aid of microscope |
| lesions can be recognized by what type of exam? | gross or histological |
| specialized studies | supplement to histological exam, which evaluates properties of cell membranes & proteins within cell |
| organic disease | associate with structural changes |
| functional disease | no morphological abnormalities even though body functions may be profoundly disturbed |
| pathology | study of disease |
| pathologist | physician specializing in diagnosing & classifying diseases |
| pathologists diagnose & classify diseases by examining the ___ of cells & tissues. | morphology |
| symptoms of a disease | subjective manifestations in an affected individual |
| signs of a disease | objective manifestations, detectable by clinician; physical findings |
| abnormal lab test results | changes in quantity of circulating blood, or to biochemical constituents in blood fluids |
| asymptomatic disease/illness | disease causing no discomfort/disability to affected individual |
| in its early stages a disease is often | asymptomatic |
| distinction between asymptomatic/symptomatic disease is one of degree depending | primarily on extent of disease |
| etiology | cause, especially the cause of a disease |
| disease of unknown etiology is one | for which the cause is not yet known |
| etiological agent | agent responsible for cause of disease |
| pathogenesis | manner by which disease develops |
| pathogen | any microorganism that causes development of a disease |
| lesions produced by various disease in a category are | morphologically similar or have similar pathogenesis |
| congenital & hereditary diseases | result of a range of developmental disturbances |
| inflammatory diseases | body reacts to injurious agent by means of inflammation |
| sore throat or pneumonia, as an inflammatory disease, are caused by | bacteria or other microbiological agents |
| as an inflammatory disease "hay fever" is | a manifestation of an allergic reaction or hypersensitivity state in the patient |
| caused by antibodies formed against the patient's own tissues | inflammatory autoimmune diseases |
| primary abnormality is degeneration of various parts of the body | degenerative diseases |
| these are more advance/occur sooner that normal if age related & distinctly abnormal | degenerative lesions |
| certain types of arthritis & arteriosclerosis are common examples of | degenerative diseases |
| chief disturbance in some important metabolic process in the body | metabolic diseases |
| common examples of metabolic diseases are | diabetes, disturbances of endocrine glands & electrolyte balances |
| characterized by abnormal cell growth leading to formation of various benign/malignant tumors | neoplastic diseases |
| goal of traditional medicine | cure or ameliorate disease |
| health | condition in which mind/body function efficiently & harmoniously as integrated unit |
| diagnosis | determination of nature & cause of patient's illness |
| the diagnosis is based on | practitioner's evaluation, patient's subjective symptoms, physical findings & results of various lab tests |
| prognosis | opinion concerning eventual outcome of disease/disorder; outlook for recovery |
| history of present illness elicits details concerning | severity, time of onset & character of patient's symptoms |
| past medical history provides details of | patient's general health & previous illnesses |
| family history provides information about | health of parents & other family members |
| social history deals with | patient's occupation, habits, alcohol & tobacco consumption & similar data |
| review of symptoms inquires as to presence of symptoms other than | those disclosed in history of present illness |
| possible dysfunctions of other organ systems are evaluated by | systematic inquiry |
| physical examination | systemic evaluation of patient |
| differential diagnosis the practitioner considers | number of diseases characterized by patient's symptoms |
| practitioner can narrow list of diagnostic possibilities to arrive at correct diagnosis by | using selected lab test or other specialized diagnostic procedures |
| medical consultant | physician with specialized training & experience in type of medical problems presented by patient |
| disease-management team | composed of group of persons with special skills useful to care/treatment of patients with the diseases |
| specific treatment | exerts highly specific & favorable effect on basic cause of disease |
| symptomatic treatment | alleviates symptoms but doesn't influence course of underlying disease |
| screening tests for disease are important because many diseases respond to treatment | are asymptomatic initially |
| when left untreated the disease often progresses slowly causing | gradual but progressive organ damage until person is seriously ill with far advanced organ damage from the disease |
| treatment of late-stage disease is often much less effective and may not be able to | restore function of organs that have been damaged |
| disease-related organ damage can be prevented or minimized if | identified & treated in its asymptomatic stage |
| a successful screening program should include | significant # of persons in group being screened are at risk for the disease |
| a successful screening program should be | relatively inexpensive test not yielding excessive # false-positive/false-negative results in screening for the disease |
| a successful screening program should provide for | early identification & treatment of disease with favorable influence on health/welfare of persons with the disease |
| screening tests should target | group of persons with relatively high frequency of disease & age group disease likely to be present |
| screening groups of persons for a disease in early asymptomatic stage requires | type of test that can identify characteristic manifestation of the disease |
| false-positive | test is positive when no disease is present |
| less sensitive screening tests can yield an excess | of false-negative results |
| false-negative | test is negative when disease is present |
| screening test results should | provide some benefit to the person being screened |
| there is no point in screening for a disease if | there is no treatment available to arrest progression of disease |
| cost-effective screening test for diabetes | urine test to detect glucose in urine |
| cost-effective screening test for colon tumors | tests to detect blood in stools |
| cost-effective screening test for abnormalities in epithelium of uterine cervix that is predisposed to cancer | Papanicolaou smear (Pap tests) |
| cost-effective screening test for very early breast cancer at stage when can be treated most effectively | mammograms - breast x-ray examinations |
| can also be used to screen for carriers of some genetic diseases | screening tests |
| screening tests to identify genetic disease trait carriers allows for | persons to make decisions about future childbearing or management of future pregnancy |
| invasive procedures | patient's body is actually "invaded" in some way in order to obtain diagnostic information |
| noninvasive procedures | entail minimal/no risk/discomfort to patient in order to obtain diagnostic information |
| with any diagnostic procedure the practitioner must | possible disadvantages to patient vs. benefits derived from info obtained during procedure |
| it would be unwise to perform a potentially risky diagnostic procedure if | info gained would not significantly contribute to diagnosis or influence course of treatment |
| can be used to determine the concentration of various constituents in the blood/urine frequently altered by disease | clinical lab tests |
| using clinical lab tests could determine concentration of urea in blood to diagnose | kidney function issues |
| clinical lab tests can detect concentrations of hemoglobin & quantity of reduced red cells in | patients with anemia |
| clinical lab tests can determine concentration (activity) of | enzymes in blood |
| enzyme levels in blood can be elevated, and detected with clinical lab tests, due to | enzymes leaking from diseased/injured organs |
| when enzyme synthesis is increased as a result of disease | enzyme levels in blood can be elevated & detected with clinical lab tests of blood |
| when there is elevated enzyme levels in clinical lab tests of blood, it can indicate | excretion of enzymes impaired due to blockage of normal excretory pathways by disease |
| clinical lab tests may also be used to | evaluate function of organs |
| clearance tests | measure rate at which a substance is removed from blood & excrete in urine |
| provides a measure of renal function | clearance tests |
| pulmonary function tests | measure rate at which air moves in/out of lungs |
| determination of concentration of O2 & CO2 in blood can also indicate | pulmonary function |
| simple device applies to finger can rapidly calculate the amount of O2 carries by hemoglobin as another | measure of pulmonary function |
| measure of liver function | tests that measure uptake & excretion of various substances by the liver |
| serial analysis of liver uptake substances can be used to monitor | response of certain tumors to treatment |
| microbiological tests | detect presence of disease-producing organisms in urine, blood & feces |
| determine responsiveness of organisms to antibiotics | microbiological tests |
| serologic tests | detect & measure presence of antibodies as indication of response to infectious agents |
| ECG, EEG, & EMG are | tests measuring electrical impulses associated with various bodily functions/activities |
| the most widely used test of electrical activity is | the ECG (electrocardiogram) |
| ECG (electrocardiogram) | electrodes measure serial changes in electrical activity of heart during various phases of cardiac cycle |
| identifies disturbances in heart rate/rhythm & abnormal conduction of impulses through heart | ECG (electrocardiogram) |
| heart muscles injury (i.e. heart attack) can be recognized by means of | characteristic abnormalities in cardiogram |
| EEG (electroencephalogram) | measures electrical activity of brain via electrodes attached to various areas on scalp |
| EEG can detect | brain tumors, strokes, & many abnormalities of cerebral structure/function |
| EMG (electromyogram) | measures electrical activity of skeletal muscles at rest & at contraction |
| EMG detects abnormal electrical activity often encountered in | various inflammatory/degenerative diseases involving skeletal muscles |
| radioisotope (radionuclide) studies | evaluates function of various organs by administering radioisotope |
| radioisotope | substance labeled with radioactive material |
| specially processed albumin labeled with radioisotope is administered intravenously as | measure of pulmonary blood flow; used frequently to detect blood clots in lung |
| phosphorus containing isotopes are concentrated in | skeletal system; can detect deposits of tumor in bones |
| using radioactive material injected intravenously can be used to evaluate | blood flow to heart muscle & identify areas of damaged heart muscle |
| endoscopy | exam of interior of body by means of various flexible/rigid tubular instruments |
| endoscopic tubular instruments are named according to | part of body designed to examine |
| esophagoscope | used to examine interior of esophagus |
| gastroscope | used to examine interior of stomach |
| bronchoscope | used to examine interior of trachea & major bronchi |
| cystoscope | used to examine interior of bladder |
| sigmoidoscope | rigid tube used to examine rectum & sigmoid colon |
| colonoscope | flexible tube used to examine entire length of colon |
| laparoscope | used to visualize abdominal & pelvic organs |
| laparoscopy | procedure used to visualize abdominal & pelvic organs |
| laparoscopy can be used to visualize abdominal & pelvic organs and also | perform various surgical procedures to excise tissues/organs formerly removed through much larger incisions |
| ultrasound | technique for mapping echoes produced by high-frequency sound waves transmitted into the body |
| ultrasound is widely used during pregnancy to | study uterus, position of placenta & fetus within uterus, identify fetal abnormalities & detect twins |
| using ultrasound to study structure/function of heart valves can detect | valve abnormalities & identify blood clots in association with infection of the valve |
| X-ray examination | x-rays are passed through the part of the body to be examined & rays leaving body expose an x-ray film |
| extent to which x-rays are absorbed by tissues as they pass through body depends on | density of tissues |
| during x-ray exams, tissues of low density appear as | black |
| during x-ray exams, tissues of high density appear as | white |
| during x-ray exams, tissues of varying densities appear as | varying shades of gray |
| roentgenogram (radiograph) | x-ray image produced on the film |
| a contrast medium is needed when using x-ray to examine | intestinal & urinary tract, bronchi, fallopian tubes & biliary tract |
| contrast medium | dense radiopaque substance that enhances visibility |
| administered when x-ray examination of linings of internal organs that have little contrast | contrast medium |
| this is necessary in order to x-ray exam interior of gastrointestinal tract | suspension of barium sulfate to swallow or administer as an enema |
| bronchogram | visualizing lining of bronchi by instilling radiopaque oil into bronchi |
| intravenous pyelogram (IVP) | radiopaque substance injected into vein & excreted in urine as blood flows through kidney outlining contour of urinary tract |
| retrograde pyelogram | cystoscope introduced into bladder & dye introduced directly into ureters |
| arteriogram or angiogram | dye injected to study blood flow of lrg arteries & identify areas of obstruction |
| using arteriography is often used to detect | narrowing/obstruction of coronary &/or carotid arteries which carry blood to brain |
| obstruction of pulmonary arteries by blood clots can also be identified by | arteriography |
| cardiac catheterization | study flow of blood through heart & can detect abnormal communications between cardiac chambers |
| CT (computed tomography) scan | highly sophisticated x-ray machine produces images of body in cross section by rotating x-ray tube around patient at various levels |
| in CT scans the amount of radiation absorbed is not read on an x-ray film; instead | radiation detectors fed into computer that reconstructs data into images of patient's anatomy |
| abnormalities of internal organs that cannot be identified by standard x-ray exams can | often be identified with CT scans |
| increases in used of CT scans in recent years has been used in screening | asymptomatic persons for lung/colon tumors & screening studies in children |
| due to increased exposure to radiation in CT scans this is a comparable alternative exam | ultrasound exam |
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | produces computer-constructed images of various organs/tissues |
| MRI scans depend on response of | hydrogen protons contained in water molecules when placed in a strong magnetic field |
| in MRI scans, when a pulse of radiofrequency waves is directed at the protons they are | temporarily dislodged from their orientation, then when return to original position emit signal (resonance) measured & used to produce image |
| MRI is useful in demonstrating areas where myelin sheaths of nerve fibers have been damaged in a neurological disease called | multiple sclerosis |
| positron emission tomography (PET scan) | related to radioisotope studies but more complex/sophisticated & one of newest diagnostic imaging tests |
| positrons | unique subatomic particles that have same mass as electrons but carry positive charge |
| positrons are formed when | atoms are bombarded in cyclotron which high-energy particles, which breaks down atomic nuclei & releases positrons along with other subatomic particles |
| when escaping positrons collide with negatively charged electrons circling nuclei they | produce radiation that can be detected & measured by sensitive radiation detectors |
| PET scan studies provide information on | metabolic activities of organ/tissue being studied, site within organ where compound is being metabolized & blood flow to organ being studied |
| major clinical application for PET scans is | to assess biochemical functions within in the brain |
| PET scans are able to measure changes in brain functions associated with | strokes, brain tumors, Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, & some degenerative hereditary diseases of nervous system |
| A disease in which no morphologic abnormalities can be identified, despite a disruption of bodily function, is | Functional Disease |
| physician who specializes in the diagnosis and classification of disease is | pathologist |
| A disease caused by chromosomal damage at birth would be classified as | congenital |
| A young woman has a benign growth of cells on her thymus. This patient's condition would be classified as | neoplastic disease |
| The opinion of a physician concerning the origins of a disease in a patient is called | etiology |
| A physician examines a patient and determines that the origin of the patient's condition was a Giardia infection caused by drinking contaminated water. The physician's evaluation is called | an etiology |
| A diagnostic test that measures an organ or system's uptake and excretion through the use of a radioactive material is | radioisotope |
| Examining diseased tissue with the naked eye is called a ________ examination | gross |
| esophagoscopes, gastroscopes, cystoscopes, and sigmoidoscopes are all tools used for | endoscopy |
| A computed tomographic scan is a type of | x-ray machine |
| The major clinical use of PET scans today is to examine the | brain |
| An MRI scan uses a magnetic field to align hydrogen protons | within the water that naturally composes the patient's tissues |
| Common types of cytologic and histologic examinations include | pap smear & biopsy |
| genetic abnormalities, abnormalities in #/distribution of chromosomes, intrauterine injury resulting of various agents, or interaction of environmental/genetic factors | congenital/hereditary diseases |
Created by:
lfrancois
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