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Enddocrine Pathophys
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Stimulus is produced and results in shutting off more of what is produced | negative feedback loop |
| something happens that accelerates the reaction/hormone release | positive feedback loop |
| positive feedback loop hormone, released in childbirth, contractions become more frequent with time (more relase of hormone) | oxytocin |
| what organ produces hormone releasing/inhibitng hormones | hypothalamus |
| another name for adeno hypothesis | anterior pituitary |
| another name for neural hypothesis | posterior pituitary |
| which part of the pituitary releases most of direct endocrine hormones | anterior |
| track the path of a hormone after release from the anterior pituitary | target organ -> target tissue -> physiological effects |
| what does the receptor type on a target tissue determine? | if a tissue is sensitive to that hormone |
| track the path of the thyroid hormone release | thyroid tropin released from HT -> thyroid stimulating hormone released from AP -> thyroxine released from thyroid |
| what is the net effect of the thyroid hormone | increased metabolism |
| track the thyroid hormone negative feedback loop | increased metabolism inhibits thyroxine release release of thyroxine inhibits TSH release from AP & release of thyroid tropin from HT TSH inhibits itself & release of thyroid tropin |
| if the thyroid negative feedback loop is over active, what is the result? | hypothyroidism; not enough physiological effect |
| what cells release insulin in the pancreas? | beta cells |
| what cells release glucagon in the pancreas? | alpha cells |
| what is the effect of insulin release? | stimulate glucose transport into cells, decrease blood glucose level |
| what is the efffect of glucagon release? | stimulate gluconeogenesis, increasse blood glucose level |
| after eating, what hormone is released and what are the physiological effects? | insulin, blood glucose drops, stimulate hunger |
| desccribe tissue senitivity self-regulation | tissues increase o decreace target receptors to change sensitivity |
| increasing tissue target receptors has what effect? | tissue can grab more hormones |
| decreasing tissue target receptors has what effect? | tissue grabs less hormones |
| eating too much and down regulation of tissue target receptors causes what disease? | type II diabetes |
| type II diabetes has what effect on tissue sensitivity? | tissues are less sensitive to insulin |
| what blood vessel feeds the anterior pituitary gland? | hypophysial |
| when blood leaves the AP gland through a secondary capillary, what is the effect on O2 and the tissue | less O2, tissue becomes susceptable to ischemia |
| what blood vessel feeds the posterior pituitary gland? | hypothalamohypophysial |
| the posterior pituitary is connected to what body system? | nervous system |
| what hormones are released directly to the PP gland from the nervous system? | ocytoxin and ADH |
| what is the function of ADH? | increase water reabsorption in collecting duct, decrease amount of urine |
| what actually causes water reabsorption after ADH is in effect? | aquaporin-2s inserted into the luminal side of collecting duct and create channels |
| what is the effect of aquaporin-2s/ADH on urine retention? | increase urine retention, decrease urine secretion |
| what are pituitary dysfunction usally caused by? | lesions in the stalk/infundibulum |
| why is the stalk important for the pituitary? | all of the major blood vessels pass through the stalk from the hypothalamus |
| what is the most common pituitary dysfunction caused by? | infundibular tumor |
| what is the effect of an infundibular tumor on the pituitary? | close off or reduce blood supply, ischemia or hypoxia |
| what is the most common result/effect of pituitary dysfunction? | lack/absence of hormones |
| if the infundibulum is damaged, what is the result on hormone release? | all hormones are absent |
| if the infundibulum is damaged, what is the overall effect on the body? | systemic damage, diabetes insipidus, pituitary adenomas, |
| describe nephrogenic diabetes insipidus leading to pituitary dysfunction | kidney disease resulting in insensitivity of ADH, renal and systemic dysfunction |
| list the three other likely causes for pituitary dysfunction | nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, hypokalemia, pregnancy |
| describe hypokalemia leading to pituitary dysfunction | Na/K pump doesn't work, shut off ADH |
| describe pregnancy effects leading to pituitary dysfunction | change in hormone release, kidney becomes insensitive to ADH |
| what causes diabetes insipidus? | insufficient ADH production or insufficient sensitivity to ADH |
| what is the result of diabetes insipidus? | fluid washing through, can't retain as much water, produce excess urine, can't concentrate urine properly |
| how can we diagnose diabetes insipidus? | by specific gravity level |
| what is the specific gravity of patients with diabetes insipidus? | 1.0-1.005 |
| what causes the imbalance of specific gravity with diabetes insipidus? | ions are left behind after washing through fluid |
| what are the two main types of diabetes insipidus? | neurogenic and nephrogenic |
| what are the two causes of neurogenic diabetes insipidus? | lesion to hypothalamus/stalk or psychogenic (schizophrenia) |
| what are the effects of lesions to the hypothalamus in diabetes insipidus? | interfere with ADH synthesis, transport, or release |
| why do psychogenic disorders lead to diabetes insipidus? | intake extremely large amounts of fluid |
| what is the cause of nephrogenic diabetes insipidus? | inadequate response to ADH |
| what leads to nephrogenic diabetes insipidus? | damage to tubules, inhibit generation of cAMP, certain medications |
| if a patient has nephrogenic DI, what are the results on the collecting duct and ADH levels? | collecting duct doesn't function, high ADH and high urine levels, ADH levels can also be normal but high urine |
| a patient with neurogenic DI will have what pathophysiology characteristics? | excessive urine, low or absent ADH production, polydipsia, uncontrolled ADH secretion |
| what other factors can lead to diabetes insipidus? | diuretic pill and heart failure |
| how does the diuretic pill lead to DI? | caffeine in the pill inhibits function of ADH |
| how does heart failure treatment lead to DI? | Lasix induces polyuria by decreasing the heart workload |
| what is the syndrome of innappropiate ADH secretion? | excessive ADH |
| what other disease is SIADH related to? | oat cell adenocarcinoma |
| how does oat cell adenocarcinoma lead to SIADH? | once lung cells transform to cancer cells they produce ADH on their own |
| what are some clinical manifestations of SIADH caused by oat cell adenocarcinoma | extreme water retention, edema |
| what are some outcomes of SIADH? | enhanced renal water rentention, increased extracellular fluid retention, hypoosmolarity, urine is inappropriately concentrated |
| what are the two main diseasses of the AP gland? | hypopituitarism and hyperpituitarism |
| what is hypopituitarism? | absence of selective primary hormones |
| what is an example of a hypopituitarism disease? | Dwarfism |
| a primary hypofunction of the AP gland is usually caused by a disease in what gland? | pituitary |
| secondary hypofunction of the AP gland is usually caused by a disease in what gland? | hypothalamus |
| functional hypofunction of the AP gland is usually caused by what other disease? | anorexia |
| what is hyperfunction of the AP gland? | excessive hormone secretion |
| hyperpituitarism is generally caused by what? | an adenoma |
| what is an adenoma? | a tumor that over produces one type of hormone |
| what is an example of a hyperpituitarism disease? | acromegaly/gigantism |
| sheehan syndrome is what type of pituitary dysfunction? | hypopituitarism |
| what is sheehan syndrome and what is it caused by | abnormal diminishment of pituitary gland caused by lack of blood flow during childbirth |
Created by:
macevansm
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