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Anatomy 3

digestion and reproduction

QuestionAnswer
Which salivary gland produces only a mucous type of saliva? Sublingual.
The structure that permits material to pass from the ileum into the large intestine. Ileocecal valve.
The duct formed by the union of the right and left hepatic ducts. Common hepatic duct.
The region of the stomach which regulates the passage of chyme into the small intestine Pyloric sphincter "valve" at pylorus.
The cardiac region of the stomach. Cardia.
The process of altering the chemical and physical composition of food so that it can be absorbed and used by the body cells. Digestion.
The uppermost division of the small intestine. Duodenum.
The dorsal surface of the tongue is covered with rough elevated projections called: Papillae.
Where is the fundus of the stomach? It is the outer layer.
The longest division of the small intestine. Ileum.
The _____ consists of portions of two maxillary bones and two palatine bones. Hard palate.
Folds that allow for expansion of the stomach. Rugae of mucosa.
The surface of the tooth that is coated with the hardest substance in the body. Enamel.
The 2nd and largest segment of the large intestine. Colon.
The four segments of the colon. Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, and sigmoid colon.
The hepatic ducts as they exits the porta hepatis. Right and left hepatic ducts (liver).
In the valleys between villi are deep depressions which serve as sites of rapid mitotic cell division. Intestinal crypts.
The large intestine is divided into: The cecum, colon, and rectum.
The longitudinal muscles within the large intestinal wall are grouped together into tape-like strips about a centimeter wide called: Teniae coli.
The duct that carries digestive enzymes from acinar cells in the pancreas. Main pancreatic duct and sphincter.
What are the pairs of salivary glands? Parotids, submandibulars, and sublinguals. (Submucosa is not a salivary gland).
The intestinal lining circular folds that contain many tiny projections. Villi.
The innermost layer of the GI wall. Mucosa.
The terminal inch of the rectum. Anal canal.
Three structures attached to the liver. Hepatic triad - proper hepatic artery, common bile duct (green), portal vein (posterior).
Branches that attach to the small intestines that form a honeycomb type of structure. Arcades.
Pouches on the large intestine. Diverticula.
Vertical portion of large intestine. Ascending colon.
Horizontal portion of the large intestine. Transverse colon.
Last part of the small intestine. Ileum.
Last part of the large intestine. Cecum.
Which substance is the outer covering of the shell of the tooth in the neck and root? cementum
Phagocytic cells lining liver sinusoids are called: Kupffer cells.
An incision into the wall of the GI tract would cut, in order, from superficial to deep: Serosa, muscularis, submucosa, and mucosa.
A barium enema study is used to detect and locate: polyps, tumors, diverticula, all of the above all of the above - polyps, tumors, and diverticula.
Which salivary gland produces only a mucous type of saliva? Sublinguals (only).
The type of cell designed for absorption and secretion found throughout much of the GI tract is _____ epithelium. Simple columnar.
Which of the following organs has a mucosal layer that is composed of columnar epithelium with a brush border of microvilli to enhance absorption? Small intestine.
The most essential part of bile is: bile salts.
The proper anatomical order for the divisions of the colon is: ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid.
Approximately how much saliva do the three pairs of compound tubuloalveolar glands (parotids, submandibulars, and sublinguals) secrete each day? 1 liter.
The more common term for deglutition is: swallowing.
The fan-shaped projection of peritoneum that connects the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall is the: Mesentery.
The walls of the GI tract are composed of ____ layers of tissue. Four.
Bile is secreted by: Hepatic cells.
Microvilli can be found in: Small intestine and large intestine. (Not the stomach).
Lobes of the liver. Right, left, caudate, and quadrate. (no medial)
Accessory organs of the digestive system. Tongue, liver, and pancreas. (not mouth).
The right angle between the transverse colon and the ascending colon is the: Hepatic flexure.
Which of the following structures is anatomically the longest? Esophagus, duodenum, jejunum, ileum. Ileum.
The flap of tissue suspended from the midpoint of the posterior border of the soft palate is the: Uvula.
Which of the following papillae of the tongue lack taste buds? Filiform.
Characteristics of filiform papillae. these are small, spike-like projections found all over the tongue. They are the most abundant papillae, but lack taste buds. They roughen the tongue and aid in food manipulation.
What digestive organs has a mucosa layer composed of stratified squamous epithelium that resists abrasion? Esophagus.
Which of the following is not an anatomical part of the small intestine? duodenum, cecum, ileum, jejunum. Cecum. (This is part of the colon (right side of body, bottom bulb).
The extrinsic tongue muscles differ from the intrinsic tongue muscles in that the _____ outside the tongue. extrinsic muscles insert into the tongue but have their origin
The longest portion of the small intestine. Ileum.
Surgical removal of the gallbladder. Cholecystectomy.
The part of the colon that lies in the vertical position, on the left side of the abdomen, extending from a point below the stomach and spleen to the level of the iliac crest is the: Descending colon.
The hard palate consists of portions of how many bones? four bones: two maxillae and two palatines.
After leaving the stomach, food enters the: small intestine.
The numerous small elevations on the surface of the tongue that support taste buds. Papillae.
Extracellular fluid consists mainly of: the plasma found in the blood vessels and the interstitial fluid (IF) that surrounds the cells.
What are some of the transcellular fluids (TF)? cerebrospinal fluid, joint fluids, and humors of the eye
Extracellular fluid consists also of: the lymph and so-called transcellular fluid (TF) are also considered extracellular fluid.
What does intracellular fluid refer to? Water inside the cell.
Extracellular fluid serves what dual purposes? providing a relatively constant environment for cells and transporting substances to and from them.
Buffer substance that prevents marked changes in the pH of a solution when an acid or a base is added to it.
A decrease in blood pH _____ the renal tubule ion exchange mechanisms that acidify urine and conserve blood’s base, thereby tending to increase blood pH back to normal. accelerates
The nephron loop reabsorbs: Water, sodium, and chloride.
the nephron loop reabsorbs __% of the ramaining water (15% of total water), and 2/3 of remaining ____ and ___ ions 50%; sodium; chloride.
Urine is approximately 95% water
The principle organ of the urinary system. kidney
The term that describes an inflammation of the bladder. cystitis.
The mechanism for voiding urine begins with the voluntary relaxation of the: external sphincter muscle of the bladder.
Knot of capillaries that directs blood into the efferent arteriole. Glomerulus.
The ureter of each kidney conducts urine inferiorly from the kidney to the: bladder
_____ has a central role in the regulation of urine volume. ADH
Urine is formed by the nephron by means of which three processes? filtration, reabsorption, and secretion.
The branch of the abdominal aorta that brings blood into each kidney is the: renal artery
Structure that is important in maintaining blood flow because it secretes rennin when blood pressure to the afferent arteriole drops. juxtaglomerular apparatus.
Specialized epithelial cells that cover the outer surfaces of glomerular capillaries. Podocytes.
Crystallized mineral chunks that develop in the renal pelvis or calyces are called: kidney stones
The capillary network that is fitted neatly into Bowman's capsule is the: glomerulus.
Other names for Bowman's capsule: glomerular capsule, renal corpuscular capsule, or capsular glomeruli
Irregularly shaped cells that have numerous cytoplasmic processes, and are scattered in a haphazard way in extracellular matrix between the glomerular capillaries. Mesangial cells.
Mitosis is: 2 daughter cells identical to the parent cells. They are haploid meaning one set of chromosomes.
Meiosis is: 4 cells each from half of each parent. They are diploid because there are 2 sets of chromosomes.
What occurs in meiosis? Diploid cells are reduced to haploid.
One spermatogonia gives rise to how many how many spermatazoa? Four.
How long is an ovum fertile? Up to 24 hours.
How many ovum are released in a lifetime? 4-500.
In females what occurs in meiosis I? The primary oocyte with 46 chromosomes splits to a polar body and secondary oocyte each with 23 chromosomes. The primary oocyte produces 2 polar bodies and the secondary produces 1.
In females what occurs in meiosis II? When fertilization occurs, the ovum keeps the cytoplasm and 23 chromosomes, the 3 polar bodies disintegrate, 22 of which are X and the 23rd is autosome.
What is an autosome? A chromosome that is not a sex chromosome.
In males, what occurs in meiosis? The 1st cell is diploid. This undergoes meiosis I to produce 2 secondary spermatocytes, each having 23 chromosomes. Meiosis II then occurs producing 2 daughter cells, 23 chromosomes. 2 will have 22 chromosomes and an autosome, and the other 2 will have a Y instead of the autosome. These 4 become sperm.
How many sperm per milliliter? 20 million, 1.5 milliliters per ejaculation.
How many sperm reach the oocyte? 1 million.
How many days does sperm take to travel to the oocyte? 5 days.
What two layers do the sperm penetrate in the ovum? Corona radiata and Zona pellucida.
What are possible times for conception? 4-5 days prior to ovulation.
What will aid the sperm in penetrating the plasma membrane? Enzymes.
Where does fertilization occur? Usually in the fallopian tube.
The process where the ovum blocks other sperm from penetration. Cortical reaction.
When does the ovum complete meiosis II? Immediately after fertilization, and then ejects half of its chromosomes as another polar body.
What happens to the chromosomes with the fertilized egg? The 23 chromosomes of the ovum unite with the 23 chromosomes of the sperm to create a diploid cell.
Name for the fertilized egg? Zygote.
Term for the rapid cell division of the zygote as it travels to the uterus. Cleavage.
Fluid-filled structure that the zygote becomes. Blastocyst.
Two types of cells in blastocysts. Inner cell mass (cluster on one side of the cell). Trophoblasts (layer of cells surrounding the inner cavity).
What part of the blastocyst forms the embryo? The inner cell mass.
What part of the blastocyst develops into the placenta? Trophoblasts.
What does the placenta do? Transfers nutrients from mom to baby.
Which hormone tends to increase the amount of urine produced? ANH
Which hormone tends to decrease the amount of urine produced? aldosterone and ADH
Created by: TamraArm
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