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chapter 6 muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| contractility | the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force. |
| excitability | the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus |
| extensibility | the ability to be stretched |
| elasticity | ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched. |
| each skeletal muscle is surrounded by a connect tissue sheath called? | epimysium |
| another connective tissue located outside the epimysium. it surrounds and separates muscles is called? | fascia |
| muscle is composed of numerous visible bundles called muscle fasciculi (fascicle), which are surrounded by loose connective tissue is called? | perimysium |
| fasciculi are composed of single muscle cells called? | fibers |
| each muscle fiber is a single cylindrical cell containing several..? | nuclei |
| each fiber is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the? | endomysium |
| myofibrils | a threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other. |
| actin myofilaments | thin myofilaments. |
| myosin myofilaments | thick myofilaments |
| actin and myosin form highly ordered units that are joined end to end to form the myofibril called? | sarcomeres |
| each sarcomere extends from? | one Z line to another Z line. and each Z line is an attachment site for actin |
| one each side of the Z line is a light area called? | an I band. It consists of actin |
| The A band extends? | the length of the myosin. it is the darker central region in each sarcomere. |
| in the center of each sarcomere is ? | another light area called the H zone which consists of only myosin. |
| the myosin myofilaments are anchored in the center of the sarcomere at a dark staining band called? | the M line |
| resting membrane potential | the charge difference across the membrane |
| action potential | brief reversal back of the charge |
| motor neurons | nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers |
| each branch that connects to the muscles forms a ? | neuromuscular junction or synapse near the center of the cell |
| motor unit | a single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates |
| the enlarged nerve terminal is the ? | presynaptic terminal |
| the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell is the ? | synaptic cleft |
| and the muscle fiber is the ? | postsynaptic terminal |
| each presynaptic terminal contains? | synaptic vesicles |
| synaptic vesicles that secrete a neurotransmitter is called? | acetylcholine |
| the acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft between the neuron and muscle cell is rapidly broken down by an enzymes? | acetylcholinesterase |
| the sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction is called the? | sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction |
| muscle twitch | a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers |
| a muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level called? | threshold |
| the time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning d contraction is the ? | lag phase |
| the time of contraction is the ? | contraction phase |
| the time during which the muscle relaxes is the ? | relaxation phase |
| tetany | where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing |
| recruitment | the increase in number of motor units being activated |
| creatine phosphate | when at rest they cant stockpile ATP but they can store another high-energy molecule |
| anaerobic respiration | without oxygen |
| aerobic respiration | with oxygen |
| oxygen debt | the amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells |
| muscle fatigue | results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than i can be produced in the muscle cells |
| isometric (equal distance) | the length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process |
| isotonic (equal tension) | the amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction but the length of the muscle changes |
| muscle tone- | refers to constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time. keep heads up & back straight |
| fast-twitch fibers | contract quickly and fatigue quickly. well adapted to perform anaerobic metabolism |
| slow-twitch fibers | contract more slowly and are more resistant too fatigue |
| the origin (head) | the most stationary end of the muscle |
| the insertion | the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement |
| belly | the portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion |
| synergists | muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements |
| antagonists | muscles that work in opposition to one another |
| prime mover | among a group of synergists, if one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement |
| occipitofrontals | raises the eyebrows |
| orbicularis oculi | closes the eyelids and causes crows feet wrinnkles in the skin at lateral corners of the eye. |
| orbicularis oris | puckers the lips |
| buccinator | flattens the cheeks. trumpeters muscle |
| orbicularis oris and buccinator are the? | kissing muscles |
| zygomaticus | smiling muscle |
| levator labii superioris | sneering |
| depressor anguli oris | frowning |
| mastication | chewing |
| intrinsic tongue muscles | change the shape of the tongue |
| extrinsic tongue muscles | move the tongue |
| sternocleidomastoid | lateral neck muscle and prime mover. rotates and abducts the head |
| erector spinae | group of muscles on each side of the back. responsible for keeping the back straight and the body erect |
| thoracic muscles | muscles that move the thorax |
| external intercostals | elevate the ribs during inspiration |
| internal intercostals | contract during forced expiration |
| diaphragm | accomplishes quiet breathing. |
| linea alba | consists of white connective tissue rather then muscle |
| on each side of the linea alba is the ? | rectus abdominis muscle |
| tendinous inscriptions | cross the rectus abdominis at three or more locations, causing the abdominal wall to appear segmented. |
| trapezius | rotates scapula |
| serratus anterior | pulls scapula anteriorly |
| pectoralis major | abducts and flexes the arm |
| latissimus dorsi | medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm |
| deltoid | attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle and is the major abductor of the upper limb. |
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