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Anatomy Ch.6 Muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define: Contractility | skeletal muscle to shorten with force |
| Define: Excitability | capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus |
| Define: Extensibility | the ability to be stretched |
| Define: Elasticity | able to recoil back to original resting length after stretched |
| What is epimysium? | Connective tissue sheath that surrounds each skeletal muscle |
| What does fascia do to muscles? | It surrounds and separates muscles |
| What is fascia? | a connective tissue located outside the epimysium |
| A muscle is composed of numerous visible bundles called _____? | Muscle Fasciculi (fascicle) |
| What is perimysium? | Loose connective tissue that surrounds muscle fasciculi |
| The fasciculi are composed of single muscle cells called____? | Fibers |
| What is the connective tissue sheath called that each fiber is surrounded by? | Endomysium |
| What is myofibrils? | a threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other. (Cytoplasm of each fiber is filled with myofibrils) |
| What are the two major kind of protein fibers of myofibrils? | Actin Myofilaments and Myosin Myofilaments |
| What is actin myofilaments? | (thin) Resemble two minute strands of pearls twisted together |
| What is myosin myofilaments? | (thick) Resemble bundles of minute golf clubs |
| Actin and myosin myofilaments form highly ordered units called _____? | Sarcomeres |
| What is the sarcomere? | the basic structural and functional unit of the muscle |
| The charge difference across the membrane is called ___? | Action Potential |
| What are motor neurons? | Nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers |
| Each branch that connects to the muscle forms a _____ or ____ near the center of the cell. | Neuromuscular Joint or Synapse |
| A single motor neuron ad all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates are called _____? | Motor Unit |
| What is the enlarged nerve terminal? | Presynaptic Terminal |
| What is the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell? | Synaptic Cleft |
| What is postsynaptic terminal? | The Muscle Fiber |
| Each presynaptic terminal contains ___. | Synaptic Vesicles |
| What neurotransmitter does synaptic vesicles secrete? | Acetylcholine |
| What is acetylcholinesterase? | an enzymatic break down- breaks down the acetylcholine |
| The sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction is called ______. | Sliding Filament Mechanism |
| Define: Muscle Twitch | a contraction of a entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes action potential in one or more muscle. |
| A muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level called _____, | Threshold |
| What is the phenomenon called? | All-or-none response |
| What is lag phase? | Between application of the stimulus to a motor neuron and beginning of a contraction |
| What is contraction phase? | The time of contraction |
| What is the time during which the muscle relaxes called? | Relaxation Phase |
| Define: Tetany | where the muscle remains contract WITHOUT contracting |
| The increase in number of motor units being activated is called ______ | Recruitment |
| What is creatine phosphate? | A high molecule thats stored when ATP cant be stockpiled |
| What is anaerobic respiration? | Doing something without oxygen |
| What is aerobic respiration? | doing something with oxygen--more efficient |
| What is oxygen debt? | The amount of oxygen required to remove the lactic acid, and replace the body's reserves of oxygen |
| When does muscle fatigue happen? | When ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced |
| Define: Isometric | (equal distance) length of muscle doesn't change but amount of tension increases during contraction process. |
| Define: Isotonic | (equal tension) amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant when contracting but the muscle length changes |
| What is muscle tone? | constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time |
| What does muscle tone help do? | Keeps head up and back straight |
| What is fast- twitch fibers? | contract quickly and fatigue quickly. Adapted to perform anaerobic metabolism |
| What is slow-twitch fibers? | contract slowly and more resistant to fatigue, better suited for aerobic metabolism |
| What is the origin? (head) | the most stationary end of the muscle |
| What is insertion? | the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement |
| Where is the belly ? | between the origin and the insertion |
| Muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements are called _____. | Synergists |
| What are antagonists? | Muscles that work in opposition to one another |
| What is the prime mover? | In a group of synergists one muscle that plays major role in accomplishing desired movement. |
| Occipitofrontalis | raises the eyebrows |
| Orbicularis oculi | closes eyelids. causes crows feet wrinkles in the skin at lateral corners of eye |
| Orbicularis oris | puckers the lips |
| Buccinator | flattens cheeks. Trumpeters muscle |
| Zygomaticus | smiling muscle |
| Levator labii superioris | sneering |
| Depressor anguli oris | frowning |
| Mastication | chewing |
| How many pairs of mastication muscles are there? | 4 |
| Intrinsic Tongue Muscle | changes shape of tongue |
| Extrinsic Tongue Muscle | moves tongue |
| Sternocleidomastoid | lateral neck muscle and prime mover. Rotates and abducts head |
| What is erector spinae? | group of muscles on each side of the back. keeps back straight and body erect |
| What are thoracic muscles? | muscles that move the thorax |
| What is involved in breathing? | External intercostals and internal intercostals |
| What is external intercostals? | elevate the ribs during inspiration |
| What is internal intercostals? | contract during forced expiration |
| What is the abdominal wall muscles? | The muscles of the anterior abdominal wall flex and rotate the vertebral column |
| What does the abdominal wall muscles do? | compress the abdominal activity, and hold in the abdominal viscera |
| What is the linea alba? | the tendinous area of the abdominal wall (white connective tissue rather then muscle) |
| Where is the rectus abdominis? | on each side of the linea alba |
| What does tendinous inscriptions do? | cross the rectus abdominis at 3 or more locations causing abdominal wall of a well muscled person to appear segmented |
| What does the trapezius do? | rotates scapula |
| What does serratus anterior do? | pulls the scapula anteriorly |
| The arm is attached by _______________________. | pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi muscles |
| What does the pectoralis major do? | adducts and flexes the arm |
| What does the latissimus dorsi do? | medially rotates, adducts, and powerfully extends the arm "swimmer muscles" |
| What does the deltoid do? | attaches the humerus to the scapula and clavicle and is the major abductor of the upper limb |
| What does the triceps brachii do? | extends the forearm, occupies the posterior compartment of the arm |
| What do the biceps branchii do? | flexes the forearm occupies the anterior compartment of the arm |
| What does the brachialis do ? | flexes forearm |
| What does the brachioradialis do? | flexes and supinates the forearm |
| Flexor carpi | flexes the wrist |
| Extensor carpi | extends the wrist |
| Flexor digitorum | flexes the fingers |
| Extensor digitorum | extends the fingers |
| How many muscles are located within the hand? | 19 |
| Gluteus maximus | buttocks |
| Gleteus medius | hip muscle |
| What does the quadriceps femoris do? | extends the leg; anterior thigh muscles |
| What does the sartorius do? | flexes the thigh |
| Hamstring Muscles | posterior thigh muscles : flexes the leg and extends thigh |
| What does the gastrocnemius and soleus do? | form the calf muscle ,, they join to form the calcaneal tendon |
| Achilles tendon | flex the foot and toes |
| What are the lateral muscles of the leg? | peroneus |
| How many muscles are located within the foot? | 20 |
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haleytriplett
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