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Chapter 6 muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Contractility | The ability of skeletal muscles to shorten with force. |
| Excitability | The capacity of skeletal muscles to respond to a stimulus. |
| Extensibility | The ability to stretched. |
| Elasticity | Able to recoil back to original resting length after stretching. |
| Epimysium | Connective tissue sheath that surrounds the skeletal muscle. |
| Fascia | Connective tissue located outside of the epimysium. |
| Muscle Fasciculi | Composed of numerous visual bundles. |
| Perimysium | Loose connective tissue that surrounds muscle fasciculi. |
| What are muscles cells called? | Muscle Fibers |
| Endomysium | Connective tissue sheath that surrounds the fibers. |
| Myofibrils | A threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other. |
| Actin Myofilaments | Thin Myofilaments |
| Myosin Myofilaments | Thick Myofilaments |
| Sarcomeres | Is the basic structural and functional unit of the muscle |
| I band | Actin, lighter |
| A band | Myosin, darker |
| H zone | Light area that consists of myosin. |
| Outside of cell membranes | Positively charged |
| Inside of cell membranes | Negatively charged |
| Resting membrane potential | The charge difference across the membrane. |
| Action potential | The brief reversal back of the charge. |
| Motor neurons | Are nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers. |
| Neuromuscular junction | Each branch that connects the muscle. |
| Motor unit | A single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates. |
| Presynaptic terminal | The enlarged nerve terminal. |
| Synaptic cleft | The space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cells. |
| Postsynaptic terminal | Muscle fiber |
| Synaptic vesicle | Are in the postsynaptic terminal |
| Acetylcholine | Diffuses to the synaptic cleft and binds to the postsynaptic terminal. |
| Acetylcholinesterase | The acetylcholine released into the synaptic cleft between the neuron and muscle cell is rapidly broken down |
| Muscle Contraction | Occurs as actin and myosin myofilaments slide past one another. |
| Sliding filament mechanism | The sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during Contraction. |
| H Bands | Shorten in sliding filaments mechanism |
| I Bands | Shorten in sliding filaments mechanism |
| A bands | Do not change in length in sliding filaments mechanism. |
| Muscle Twitch | Is a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes action potential in one or muscle fibers |
| Threshold | A muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level |
| All-or-none response | Is when the muscle fibers contract maximally |
| Lag phase | The time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction |
| Contraction phase | Time of contraction |
| Relaxation phase | Time when the muscle relaxes |
| Tetany | When the muscle remains contracted without relaxing |
| Recruitment | The increase in number of motor units being activated |
| ATP | Is needed for energy for muscle contraction |
| Where is ATP produced | Mitochondria |
| Is ATP short lived ? | Yes |
| Synergists | Muscles that work together ton accomplish specific movements |
| Antagonists | Muscles that work in opposition to one another |
| Prime mover | When one muscle plays a major role in accomplishing the desired movement |
| Nomenclature | Most muscles have names that are descriptive |
| Creatine Phosphate | ATP but they can store another high-energy molecule |
| Anaerobic respiration | Without oxygen |
| Aerobic respiration | With oxygen |
| Oxygen debt | The amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to replenish the depleted stored of creatine phosphates |
| Muscle fatigue | Results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells |
| Isometric | The length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during contraction process |
| Isotonic | The amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of muscle changes. |
| Muscle Tone | Muscle tone refers to constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time |
| Fast-twitch fibers | Contracts quickly and fatigue quickly. |
| Slow-twitch fibers | Contracts more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue |
| Origin | Is the most stationary end of the muscle |
| Insertion | IIs the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement |
| Belly | The portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion |
| Occipitofrontalis | Raises the eyebrows |
| Orbicularis oculi | Closes the eyelids and causes "crows feet" |
| Orbicularis oris | Puckers the lip |
| Buccinator | Flattens the cheeks |
| Zygomaticus | Smiling muscle |
| Levator labii superioris | Sneering |
| Depressor angulii oris | Frowning |
| 4 pairs of mastacation muscles | 2 pair of pterygoids, temporalis, and masseter |
| Intrinsic Tongue muscles | Changes the shape of the tongue |
| Extrinsic Tongue Muscles | Move the tongue |
| Sternocleidomastoid | Lateral neck muscle and prime mover |
| Triceps brachii | Extends the forearm |
| Biceps brachii | Flexes the forearm |
| Brachiordialis | Fexes and supinates the forearm |
| Glueteus maximus | Buttocks |
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jtharro1
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