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Muscles
Anatomy notes
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Contractility | Ability to shorten with force |
| Excitability | Respond to a stimulus |
| Extensibility | ability to be stretched |
| Elasicity | recoil to their original resting length |
| Epimysium | connective tissue sheath |
| Fascia | located outside of the epimysium and surrounds separate muscles |
| Perimysium | loose connective tissue |
| Muscle cells | fibers |
| Myofibrils | threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other |
| Actin myofilaments | thin layer |
| Myosin myofilaments | thick layer |
| Sarcomeres | basic structural and functional unit of the muscle from one z line to the next z line |
| Neuromuscular junction | axons enter the muscles and branches near the center of the cell |
| Synaptic Cleft | space between presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell |
| Acetylcholine | neurotransmitter |
| Synaptic vesicles | each presynaptic terminal contains one |
| Acetylcholinesterase | rapidly broken down by an enzymes |
| Sliding filament mechanism | actin myofilaments slide past the myosin myofilaments during contractions |
| Muscle twitch | contraction of entire muscle in response to a stimulus in one or more muscle fibers |
| Threshold | muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until level is reached |
| Threshold | level needed to cause a stimulus |
| Lag phase | time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and beginning of contraction |
| Contraction phase | Time of contraction |
| Relaxation phase | muscle relaxes |
| Tetany | where muscle remains contracted without relaxing |
| Recruitment | increase number of motor units being activated |
| ATP (adenosine triphosphate) | needed for energy for muscle contraction produced in mitochondria short lived and unstable |
| ADP(adenosine diphosphate) | plus phosphate necessary for muscle cells to constantly produce ATP |
| Anaerobic respiration | without oxygen |
| Aerobic respiration | with oxygen |
| Creatine phosphate | can store highly- energy molecule |
| Oxygen debt | amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish depleted creatine in muscle cells |
| Muscle tone | refers to constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time |
| Fast-twitch fibers | contract quickly and fatigue quickly adapted to perform anaerobic metabolism |
| Slow-twitch fibers | contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue better suited for aerobic metabolism |
| Origin | more stationary end of the muscle |
| Insertion | end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement |
| Belly | portion of the muscle the origin and the insertion |
| Synergists | muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements |
| Antagonists | muscles that work in the opposition to one another |
| Prime mover | one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement |
| Muscle descriptives | location, size, orientation, fibers, shape, origin, insertion, function |
| Muscles | help to produce heat essential for maintenance of normal body temperature |
| Occipitofrontalis | raises the eyebrows |
| Orbicularis oculi | closes the eyelids and causes "crows feet" |
| Orbicularis oris | puckers the lips |
| Buccinator | flattens the cheeks/trumpeter's muscle |
| Orbicularis oris and buccinator | kissing muscles |
| Zygomatic | smiling muscles |
| Levator labii superioris | sneering |
| Depressor anguli oris | frowning |
| Mastication | chewing |
| mastication pairs | 2 pairs pterygoids temporalis masseter |
| Intrinsic tongue muscles | changes the shape of the tongue |
| Extrinsic tongue muscles | move the tongue |
| sternocleidomastoid | lateral neck muscles and prime mover rotates and abducts the head |
| Platysma | sheet like muscle that covers the anterolateral neck |
| Erector spine | group of muscles of each side of the back, responsible for keeping back straight and body erect |
| Thoracic muscles | muscles that move the thorax |
| Diaphgram | accomplishes quiet breathing dome shaped |
| Trapezius | rotates the scapula |
| Serratus anterior | pulls scapula anteriorly |
| Pectoralis major | adducts and flex the arm |
| Latissimus dorsi | medially rotates adducts, and powerfully extends the arm |
| Deltoid | attaches the hummers to the scapula and clavicle and is the major abductor of the upper limb |
| Triceps brachii | extends the forearm occupies the posterior compartment |
| Biceps brachii | flexes the forearm occupies the anterior compartment |
| Brachialis | flexes forearm |
| Branchioradialis | flexes and supinates the forearm |
| Retinaculum | strong band of fibrous connective tissue that covers the flexor and extensor tendons and holds the in place around the wrist |
| Flexor carpi | flexes the wrist |
| Extensor carpi | extends the wrist |
| Flexor digitorum | flexes the fingers |
| Extensor digitorum | extends the fingers |
| Gluteus Maximus | buttocks |
Created by:
Graca221
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