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Vickie Brown
Anatomy weeks 6-12
| The innermost muscle of the abdominal wall is the | transverse abdominis. |
| The continuous low level of sustained contraction maintained by all skeletal muscles is muscle | tone. |
| Where is the Sternocleidomastoid located at | Neck |
| Where is the Serratus Anterior located at | on the ribs |
| The individual muscle fibers are covered by a connective tissue membrane called the | endomysium |
| An example of a muscle with this type of fascicle arrangement is the orbicularis oris. | circular |
| Where is the Orbicularis Oris located at | Around the mouth |
| Where is the Masseter located at | Superficial check muscle |
| Where is the zygomaticus major and minor located at | Upper Check area between the obrcularis oculi and Masseter |
| The biceps brachii has this fascicle arrangement, which maximizes the range of motion possible. | parallel |
| A muscle with fascicles that insert into only one side of the tendon is categorized as | unipennate. |
| The Sartorius muscle, a thin straplike muscle would have muscle fascicles arranged in | parallel. |
| The muscle that helps hold the scapula against the thorax and is useful in pushing or punching movements is the | serratus anterior. |
| The long axes of the fascicles run parallel to the long axis of the muscle is a description of this type of fascicle arrangement. | parallel |
| Where is the Rectus Abdominis located at | Superficial muscle on the Abdominal area |
| The fibrous connective tissue that surrounds the entire muscle and is outside the epimysium and tendon is called the | fascia. |
| The muscle fascicle arrangement for Orbicularis oris is best characterized as | circular. |
| Where is the Deltoid located at | Shoulder |
| The point of attachment that does not move when the muscle contracts is the | origin. |
| This arrangement of muscle fascicles tends to be triangular in shape. The Pectoralis major is an example of a muscle with this type of muscle fascicle arrangement. | convergent |
| Where is the Epicranial Aponeurosis located at | Top the the head |
| Muscles that move the wrist, hand, and fingers can be | extrinsic or intrinsic. |
| A muscle with fascicles that insert into the tendon from both sides is categorized as | bipennate |
| Muscles with this type of muscle fascicle arrangement are either fusiform or straplike in appearance. | parallel |
| The term _____ is used to describe a muscle that directly performs a specific movement. | agonist |
| Where is the Linea Alba located at | Between the Rectus Abdominis muscles on the Abdominal area |
| The common tendon of the gastrocnemius and soleus is called the | calcaneal tendon. |
| Muscles that move the forearm include which of the following? | brachioradialis, pronator teres, biceps brachii |
| In addition to the Pectoralis major, another muscle that displays this pattern of fascicle arrangement is Latissimus dorsi. | convergent |
| The flexor muscles that move the fingers are mostly located on the: | anterior medial surface of the forearm. |
| When an athlete injures a muscle of the hamstring group, the injury is on the: | posterior thigh |
| Skeletal muscles constitute approximately ____ of our body weight. | 50% |
| The muscle that allows the thumb to be drawn across the palm to touch the tip of any finger is the: | opponens pollicis |
| A muscle is attached to the femur and tibia. Its function or action is to bend the knee. When it contracts, it is acting as the: | prime mover. |
| T/F There are more than 600 muscles in the body. | True |
| Muscles may be named according to: | function, direction of fibers, points of attachment |
| The sternocleidomastoid muscle is an example of a muscle named for its: | points of attachment. |
| Muscles that contract at the same time as the prime mover are called: | synergists and fixators |
| T/F The Achilles tendon is common to both the gastrocnemius and the soleus. | True |
| The muscle that extends and adducts the arm is the: | latissimus dorsi. |
| Which of the following is not a group of pennate muscles? | Tripennate |
| Which of the following is not a muscle that moves the thigh? | Sacrospinalis |
| Which of the following muscles has fibers on a transverse plane? | Transverse abdominis |
| All of the following muscles are part of the rotator cuff muscles except the: | deltoid. |
| Which of the following statements about the muscles of the thorax is incorrect? | When the diaphragm contracts, it decreases the volume of the thoracic cavity and expels air from the lungs. |
| The action of the brachialis muscle is to _____ the forearm. | flex |
| Another name for a skeletal muscle cell is a(n): | muscle fiber. |
| The posterior arm muscle that extends the forearm is the | triceps brachii |
| In pushing (pressing) a weight from shoulder height to above the head, which of the following muscles is least utilized? | Biceps brachii |
| Moving from superficial to deep, the connective tissue components would be: | epimysium, perimysium, endomysium. |
| The most common type of lever in the body is a _____-class lever. | Third |
| Which of the following statements about the muscles of the head is incorrect? | The splenius capitis muscle is sometimes called the prayer muscle because it causes the head to bow. |
| Muscles located on the lower leg move the: | foot. |
| Which of the following is not a posterior muscle that acts on the shoulder girdle? | Pectoralis minor |
| The soleus muscle is an example of a _____ muscle | pennate |
| The prime mover can also be called the: | agonist. |
| Which of the following statements is incorrect? The origin of the muscle is attached to the bone that does not move, The insertion of the muscle is attached to the bone that moves, When the muscle contracts, the insertion moves toward the origin | All are correct |
| The origin of a muscle is on the femur, and the insertion is on the tibia. When it contracts, it bends the knee. Its fibers run parallel to the body. Which of the following terms might be part of its name? | Flexor |
| The origin of a muscle is on the femur, and the insertion is on the tibia. When it contracts, it bends the knee. Its fibers run parallel to the body. Which of the following terms might be part of its name? | Rectus and Femoris |
| The covering of individual muscle fibers is the: | endomysium |
| Which of the following body systems assists the muscles in maintaining posture? | Digestive, Endocrine, Excretory |
| Muscles that move the upper arm originate on the: | clavicle and scapula. |
| A muscle that assists with mastication is the: | masseter. |
| Which of the following muscles does not move the upper arm? | Trapezius |
| Which of the following is not a muscle that moves the foot? | Sartorius |
| Another name for a sphincter muscle is a _____ muscle. | circular |
| The latissimus dorsi muscle is an example of a _____ muscle | spiral |
| The muscle(s) assisting in rotating the arm outward is (are) the: | teres minor. |
| Groups of skeletal muscle fibers are bound together by a connective tissue envelope called the: | perimysium. |
| The somatic nervous system carries information to the | skeletal muscles |
| What cell produces a myelin sheath in the central nervous system | Oligodendrocytes |
| These regions of the neuron direct electrical currents toward the cell body | dendrite |
| The _____ of a neuron is a single process that usually extends from a tapered portion of the cell body. | axon |
| Neurons have | very limited capacity to repair themselves |
| What term describes the bundles of nerve fibers within the central nervous system? | tracts |
| The _____ nervous system is a complex network of nerve pathways embedded in the intestinal wall with a network of integrators and feedback loops that can act somewhat independently. | enteric |
| This tends to be the longest cytoplasmic projection from a neuron. | axon |
| Nerves that originate from the brain are called _____ nerves. | cranial |
| The structural and functional center of the entire nervous system is the _____ nervous system. | central |
| Chemical signals diffuse between neurons at this location. | synapse |
| This is the site of communication between neurons. | synapse |
| A signal conduction route to and from the central nervous system is a(n) | reflex arc. |
| The efferent pathways of the autonomic nervous system can be divided into the __________ divisions. | parasympathetic and sympathetic |
| Which cell produces and circulates cerebrospinal fluid | Ependymal Cells |
| The ________ of a presynaptic neuron associates with the dendrite of a postsynaptic neuron. | axon terminal |
| The glia cells that help form the blood-brain barrier are the | astrocytes. |
| What structure of the Schwann cell is essential to normal nerve growth and the regeneration of injured nerve fibers? | neurilemma |
| Which cell is the most abundant category of glial cells in the CNS. | Astrocytes |
| Bundles of myelinated fibers make up the | white matter of the nervous system. |
| Which of these glia cells are located in the peripheral nervous system? | Schwann cells |
| Which of the following is not a structural classification of neurons? | polar |
| Excitable cells that conduct the impulses are called | neurons. |
| Dendrites conduct impulses _____ cell bodies. | toward |
| The nervous system can be divided: | according to its structure, according to direction of information flow, by control of effectors |
| Multipolar neurons have: | multiple dendrites and one axon |
| The autonomic nervous system does not stimulate: | skeletal muscles |
| The white matter of the nervous system is made up of: | myelinated fibers |
| Small distinct regions of gray matter in the CNS are called: | nuclei |
| In the human nervous system: | there are almost equal numbers of glia cells and neurons. |
| Which of the following compounds cannot cross the blood-brain barrier? | Dopamine |
| Interneurons reside in the: | CNS only. |
| Which of the following is the deepest connective tissue layer of a nerve? | Endoneurium |
| Most unipolar neurons are usually: | sensory neurons. |
| Nerves that contain mostly afferent fibers are called _____ nerves. | sensory |
| Astrocytes attach to: | neurons and blood vessels |
| The efferent pathways of the autonomic nervous system consist of the ________ nervous systems. | sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| The largest and most numerous types of neuroglia are the: | astrocytes. |
| Which of the following is not a function of the central nervous system (CNS)? | Integrating sensory information, Evaluating the information, Initiating an outgoing response |
| A neuron that has only one axon but several dendrites is classified as a _____ neuron. | multipolar |
| A neuron that transmits a nerve impulse toward the central nervous system is called a(n): | sensory neuron. |
| Which is not true of the myelin sheath? | It covers cell bodies in the brain and spinal cord. |
| The afferent pathways of the autonomic nervous system: | carry feedback information to integrating centers in the brain. |
| The part of the nervous system that transmits impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscle is the: | somatic nervous system. |
| The nervous system is organized to do which of the following? | Detect changes in the external environment, Detect changes in the internal environment, Evaluate changes in the environment |
| One of the components of the blood-brain barrier is: | astrocytes. |
| Regeneration of nerve fibers will take place only if the cell body is intact and the fibers have: | a neurilemma. |
| Neurons in the CNS have less chance of regenerating for all of the following reasons except: | microglia lay down scar tissue. |
| Schwann cells have a function in the PNS that is similar to that of which cells in the CNS? | Oligodendrocytes |
| Gray matter in the brain and spinal cord consists primarily of: | cell bodies. |
| Fascicles are held together by a connective tissue layer called the: | perineurium. |
| Along a neuron, the correct pathway for impulse conduction is: | dendrite, cell body, and axon. |
| Which is true of a reflex arc? | It always consists of an afferent neuron and an efferent neuron. |
| Spinal cord tracts provide conduction paths to and from the brain. The tracts that conduct sensory impulses down the cord from the brain are called _____ tracts. | descending |
| The enteric nervous system is made up of a complex network of nerve plexuses that control the visceral effectors in the | intestinal wall. |
| How many pairs of spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord? | 31 |
| If you trace the axon inside the sympathetic chain ganglion, the preganglionic fiber branches along which pathway? | synapses with a sympathetic postganglionic neuron, sends ascending or descending branches through the sympathetic trunk to synapse with postganglionic neurons in other chain ganglia, passes through one or more ganglia without synapsing |
| The primary visual cortex, which receives information from the neurons in the retina of the eye is located where | In the Occipital lobe |
| The large fluid-filled spaces within the brain are called the | ventricles. |
| The dorsal root of each spinal nerve is easily recognized as a swelling called the | dorsal root ganglion |
| Formation of the cerebrospinal fluid occurs in the | choroid plexus. |
| The lower end of the spinal cord, with its attached spinal nerve roots, gives the appearance of a horse’s tail called the | cauda equina. |
| Where is the Wernicke's area, which is important for understanding spoken words located at | Temporal lobe area |
| The inner protective covering of the brain is called the | meninges. |
| Where is the Broca's area, which controls the motor movements necessary for speaking located at | In front of the Temporal lobe area |
| A subdivision of the nervous system that regulates involuntary effectors is the _____ nervous system. | autonomic |
| The two efferent divisions of the autonomic nervous system are the | sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. |
| Individual nerves that emerge from the _____ plexus innervate the lower part of the shoulder and the entire arm. | Brachial |
| The three divisions of the brain that make up the brainstem are the | medulla oblongata, midbrain, and pons. |
| Dendrites and cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the | gray matter of the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord |
| Nerve fibers of the spinothalamic tract are: | sensory. |
| There are _____ ventricles in the brain. | four |
| Parasympathetic neuron cell bodies are located in: | nuclei of the brainstem and the lateral gray columns of the sacral cord. |
| T/F The autonomic nervous system includes only efferent neurons. | False |
| Which plexus contains nerves that innervate the lower part of the shoulder and the entire arm? | Brachial |
| T/F Axon terminals that secrete acetylcholine are called cholinergic terminals. | True |
| Which is not true about sympathetic postganglionic neurons? | They produce acetylcholine. |
| Which of the following might occur from the stimulation of parasympathetic fibers? | Increased peristalsis in the digestive tract |
| The main divisions of the central nervous system are the: | brain and spinal cord. |
| Which of the following is not a plexus of the spinal nerves? | Thoracic |
| Impulses from which system play a part in arousing or alerting the cerebrum? | Reticular activating system |
| All of the following are characteristics of sympathetic preganglionic neurons except: | they have long fibers from CNS to ganglion. |
| The cranial nerve that arises from the spinal cord is the: | accessory. |
| The cervical plexus: | is found deep in the neck, is formed by the ventral rami of the first four cervical nerves and part of C5, includes the phrenic nerve |
| The brainstem does not include the: | cerebellum. |
| T/F Some parasympathetic postganglionic neurons have their cell bodies in nuclei in the brainstem. | False |
| The innermost layer of the meninges is the: | pia mater. |
| The sensory cranial nerves include only the: | olfactory, optic, and vestibulocochlear. |
| All of the following cranial nerves have a functional classification of motor except: | vestibulocochlear. |
| Which part of the vertebral column has one more pair of nerves coming from it than it has vertebrae? | Cervical |
| T/F All cell bodies of the autonomic nervous system are located within the CNS. | False |
| Cerebrospinal fluid is found in all of the following except the: | subdural space. |
| The spinal nerves are connected to the spinal cord and consist of _____ pairs. | 31 |
| Beta receptors: | bind norepinephrine. |
| The phrenic nerve is found in the _____ plexus. | cervical |
| The brain has _____ major divisions. | Six |
| Which of the following is not true of the lateral corticospinal tract fibers? | Most inhibit the lower motor neuron. |
| The nerve commonly called the vagus nerve is the _____ cranial | Tenth |
| Which of the following cranial nerves is responsible for movements of the tongue? | Hypoglossal |
| The pyramids are formed in the: | medulla. |
| Several “vital centers” are located in the: | medulla. |
| The lumbar plexus gives rise to the _____ nerve. | femoral |
| If you were to damage some of the preganglionic fibers that enter the celiac ganglion, what effect would this have on sympathetic stimulation? | Hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla may not reach the various sympathetic effectors, thus delaying the effects of sympathetic stimulation. |
| The peripheral nervous system includes: | only cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and their branches. |
| The layer of the meninges that serves as the inner periosteum of the cranial bone is the: | dura mater. |
| The part(s) of the cerebrum associated with anger, fear, and sorrow is (are) the: | limbic system. |
| T/F Conduction to autonomic effectors requires only one efferent neuron. | False |
| Which part of the brain releases the hormone melatonin? | Pineal gland |
| Spinal nerves are _____ fibers. | motor and sensory |
| “Fight-or-flight” physiological changes include all of the following except: | constriction of respiratory airways. |
| T/F Effectors that have single innervation by the autonomic nervous system are innervated only by the parasympathetic division. | False |
| T/F Visceral effectors are innervated by sympathetic fibers. | True |
| The areas specializing in language functions are found in the left cerebral hemisphere in: | about 90% of the population. |
| A patient complains of numbness in the skin of the buttocks and the posterior surface of the thigh and leg. The spinal nerve or peripheral branch most likely involved with this condition is the _____ plexus. | coccygeal |
| T/F Sensory neurons can operate in autonomic reflex arcs. | True |
| What taste buds are located on the side of the tongue close to the posterior side | Sour |
| What structure contains receptors for rotational acceleration | Semicircular Canals |
| What gland secretes corticosteroids | Adrenal glands |
| What gland secretes hormones controlling blood sugar levels | Pancreas |
| What structure is the boundary between the external and middle ear | Tympanic Membrane |
| Which gland is considered the "master gland" that secretes at least nine hormones | Pituitary gland |
| Following the sensation of touch from the skin up the spinal cord to the brain, what is the final destination called? | Primary somatosensory cortex |
| What gland secretes melatonin | Pineal gland |
| An immune organ that also secretes hormones is the | Thymus |
| A gland that secretes a hormone controlling basal metabolic rate | Thyroid gland |
| What region of the retina contains only cones and provides maximal visual acuity | Fovea centralis |
| What gland regulates circadian rhythms | Pineal gland |
| What structure is important in equalizing air pressure on both sides of the eardrum | Eustachian tube (Auditory tube) |
| What taste buds are located on the posterior side of the tongue | Bitter |
| Which region of the brain secretes releasing hormones and inhibiting hormones | Hypothalamus |
| Which of the following endocrine glands develops primarily from the endoderm of the pharynx? | thyroid and parathyroids |
| Endolymph-filled structure containing receptors for hearing. | cochlear duct |
| Fluid filling the posterior segment of the eye. | vitreous humor |
| Largest purely endocrine gland in the body. | thyroid gland |
| Which of the following statements does not correctly describe the spiral organ of Corti? | The tectorial membrane bends with vibrations, whereas the basilar membrane is rigid and fixed. |
| Transparent mucous membrane covering the inner surface of the eyelid. | conjunctiva |
| Melanin-containing layer of the eye's vascular tunic. | choroid |
| Class of hormones secreted during chronic stress that depress immune function. | glucocorticoids |
| Hormone that inhibits osteoclast activity in children. | calcitonin |
| Endocrine gland of the thorax that is also important in immune function. | thymus gland |
| The hormone produced by the heart | increases the excretion of sodium in the urine. |
| The basilar membrane supports the | spiral organ. |
| Bony labyrinth structure containing the utricle and saccule. | vestibule |
| The anatomical stalk of the pituitary is also known as | infundibulum. |
| Pyramid-shaped gland consisting of neural crest-derived cells and endocrine secretory cells. | adrenal gland |
| Endolymph is made | in the stria vascularis. |
| Region of the adrenal cortex that secretes DHEA. | zona reticularis |
| The hypophyseal portal veins are primarily located in the | infundibulum. |
| Which of the following areas has the highest concentration of cones? | the fovea centralis |
| Which endocrine gland stores enough of its hormone extracellularly to last several months? | the thyroid |
| Receptors for hearing are located in the | cochlear duct. |
| Gustatory cells are located in all of the following areas except | on the apical surface of vallate papillae on the tongue. |
| The nerve carrying taste information from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue is the | facial. |
| Region of the hypophysis that contains secretory endocrine cells derived from the oral ectoderm. | adenohypophysis |
| Gel-like structure embedded with the tips of cochlear hair cells. | tectorial membrane |
| Transparent structure of the eye containing regularly aligned collagen fibers. | cornea |
| Pancreatic cell type that produces insulin. | beta cells |
| Which of the following is not part of the flow of taste sensation along the gustatory pathway to the cerebral cortex? | hypothalamic appetite centers |
| Membrane attached to the stapes. | oval window |
| Which of the following minerals is essential for the formation of thyroid hormone? | iodine |
| Blood viscosity stems mainly from the red blood cells but also partly from the _____ in blood. | protein molecules present |
| What is the most abundant class of leukocyte | Neutrophils |
| What formed element of the blood develops into phagocytic cells called | Macrophages |
| Inhibition of sympathetic vasoconstrictor impulses is considered a major mechanism of | vasodilation. |
| The longest vein in the body is the | Great Saphenous |
| The difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure is called | pulse pressure. |
| The term used to describe the collection of mechanisms that influence the circulation of blood is: | hemodynamics. |
| Which are the two baroreceptors that are located near the heart? | aortic baroreceptors and carotid baroreceptors |
| The formed element of the blood that produces antibodies is the | Basophil |
| Atria are often called _____ because they receive blood from vessels called veins. | receiving chambers |
| The term blood type refers to the type of blood cell | antigen. |
| The normal cardiac impulse that initiates mechanical contraction of the heart arises in the | SA node. |
| The heart has its own special covering, a loose-fitting inextensible sac called the | pericardium. |
| A graphic record of the heart’s electrical activity is a(n) | ECG. |
| The internal iliac artery supplies blood to the | pelvis. |
| Microscopic vessels that carry blood from small arteries to small veins are | capillaries. |
| Mechanical devices that permit the flow of blood in one direction only are called | valves. |
| The four structures that compose the conduction system of the heart are the | SA node, AV node, AV bundle, and Purkinje fibers. |
| The molecule that makes up 95% of the dry weight of each red blood cell and is responsible for the red pigment is | hemoglobin. |
| The _____ drains much of the superficial leg and foot. | great saphenous vein |
| The _____ is(are) supplied with blood from the left subclavian artery. | head and upper extremities |
| A glycoprotein hormone that is secreted to increase oxygen concentration in the tissues is | erythropoietin. |
| Which division of the autonomic nervous system sends fibers to the heart? | sympathetic and parasympathetic |
| Which types of arteries are also called conducting arteries and include the aorta? | elastic arteries |
| Platelets play an important role in | blood clotting. |
| Erythrocytes begin their maturation sequence in red bone marrow from nucleated cells known as: | hematopoietic stem cells. |
| _____ is used to determine the volume percentage of red blood cells in whole blood. | Hematocrit |
| Renal veins drain blood from the | kidneys. |
| The outermost layer of the larger blood vessels is the tunica | adventitia. |
| Which layer of the larger blood vessels is made up of endothelium? | tunica intima |
| Which sphincters function as regulatory valves that reduce the flow of blood through a network of capillaries when they contract and constrict the arterioles? | precapillary sphincters |
| A decrease in the amount of white blood cells is called | leukopenia. |
| After blood leaves the lungs and returns to the heart, it enters the | left atrium. |
| During pregnancy, what happens to the oxygenated blood returned from the placenta via the umbilical vein? | It flows into the inferior vena cava. |
| Which of the following is not a formed element found in the blood? | plasma |
| The bulk of the heart wall is the thick, contractile middle layer called the | myocardium. |
| During fetal circulation, what opening in the septum, between the right and left atria, directs most of the blood so that it bypasses the fetal lungs? | foramen ovale |
| The heart valves that are located where the trunk of the pulmonary artery joins the right ventricle and where the aorta joins the left ventricle are called | semilunar valves. |
| Neutrophils are highly mobile and phagocytic. They migrate out of blood vessels and into tissue spaces. This process is called | diapedesis. |
| The presentation of an antigen by an antigen-presenting cell activates the T cell. The cell then divides repeatedly to form a clone of identical sensitized T cells that form | effector T cells and memory cells |
| A tumor of the lymphoid tissue is called | lymphoma. |
| Which of the following is a powerful poison that acts directly on any cell and quickly kills it? | Lymphotoxin |
| Because T cells attack pathogens more directly, T-cell immune mechanisms are classified as _____ immunity. | Cell-mediated |
| Chemotaxis is the process by which a cell navigates toward the source of the chemotactic factor by way of | detecting and then moving toward higher concentrations of the factor. |
| The body’s defense mechanisms can be organized into one of two major categories of immune mechanisms; these are | innate and adaptive immunity. |
| Lymphocytes that kill many types of tumor cells and cells infected by different kinds of viruses are known as | natural killer cells. |
| Bean-shaped structures located at certain intervals along the lymphatic system are | lymph nodes. |
| Masses of lymphoid tissue located in a protective ring under the mucous membranes in the mouth and the back of the throat are called | tonsils. |
| Recognition of antigens by antibodies occurs when an | Antigen's epitopes fit into and bind to an antibody molecule's antigen-binding sites |
| The ingestion and destruction of microorganisms or other small particles is called | phagocytosis. |
| Which organ has several functions, including defense, hematopoiesis, red blood cell and platelet destruction, and blood reservoir? | Spleen |
| Molecules formed by the reactions of the complement cascade assemble themselves on the enemy cell’s surface, which results in | cytolysis. |
| The primary organ of the lymphatic system is the | thymus. |
| The _____ postulates that when an antigen enters the body, it selects the clone whose cells are committed to synthesizing its specific antibody and stimulates these cells to proliferate and to thereby produce more antibodies. | clonal selection theory |
| _____ refers to a phenomenon in which the genetic characteristics common to a particular kind of organism provide defense against certain pathogens. | Species resistance |
| Which protein interferes with the ability of viruses to cause disease? | Interferon |
| The lymphatic system serves various functions in the body. The two most important functions of this system are | Fluid balance and immunity. |
| Each cortical nodule is composed of packed lymphocytes that surround a less dense area called a | Germinal center. |
| The functions of the lymph nodes are | defense and hematopoiesis. |
| Which of these substances operate(s) immune mechanisms? | Sebum, Mucus, Enzymes, Hydrochloric Acid in gastric mucosa |
| During their residence in the thymus, pre-T cells develop into _____, cells that proliferate as rapidly as any in the body. | Thymocytes |
| Antibodies are proteins of the family called | immunoglobulins. |
| The internal environment of the human body is protected by the _____, which is(are) referred to as the first line of defense. | Skin |
| Pyrogen molecules trigger the fever response by promoting the production of | prostaglandins. |
| Which antibody is synthesized by immature B cells and then inserted into their plasma membranes? | immunoglobulin M |
| Lymphatics in the villi of the small intestines are called | lacteals. |
| The movement of phagocytes from blood vessels to an inflammation site is called | diapedesis. |
| Activities that result in central movement or flow of lymph are called | lymphokinetic activities. |
| Adaptive immunity, part of the body’s third line of defense, is orchestrated by two different classes of a type of white blood cell called the | lymphocyte. |
| The vibrissae function as | filters. |
| Gas exchange occurs only in the | alveoli. |
| An inflammation of the lower respiratory tract that involves the airways of the lungs is called | pneumonia. |
| The air-containing spaces that open, or drain, into the nasal cavity are called | paranasal sinuses. |
| the fibromusculocartilaginous layer with hyaline cartilaginous rings that allow the trachea to bend and elongate but not collapse. | Hyaline Cartilage |
| indicates the soft wall of the trachea allows the esophagus to expand anteriorly. | Trachealis Muscle |
| The microscopic cilia function to | move mucus toward the pharynx. |
| A common condition characterized by acute inflammation of the tracheobronchial tree is | acute bronchitis. |
| During respiration, the thorax | becomes larger when the chest is raised. |
| a flexible tube that has C-shaped cartilaginous rings that keep it from collapsing. | Trachea |
| The _____ of each lung lies against the ribs and is rounded to match the contours of the thoracic cavity. | costal surface |
| The small leaf-shaped cartilage that projects upward behind the tongue and hyoid bone is the | epiglottis. |
| If you were to trace the movement of air through the nose into the pharynx, it would pass through the following structures in which order? | anterior nares, vestibule, meatus, and posterior nares |
| The trachea, bronchial tree, and lungs make up the | lower respiratory tract. |
| the cartilage that folds over the opening of the larynx the glottis. The function of this cartilage is to prevent aspiration of foods and liquids into the lower respiratory tubes. | Epiglottis |
| a muscular tube that serves as a common passageway for food and air. | Laryngopharynx |
| Which organ consists largely of cartilages that are attached to one another and to surrounding structures by muscles or fibrous and elastic tissue components? | larynx |
| The surface of the respiratory membrane inside each alveolus is coated with a fluid containing | surfactant. |
| Ciliated cells in this layer transport mucus laden with dust, bacteria, pollen, and viruses towards the pharynx. | Mucosa |
| the cartilage that anchors the vocal cords posteriorly. | Arytenoid Cartilage |
| structures that assist in filtering, heating, and humidifying inspired air. | Nasal Conchae |
| indicates a muscular tube that propels swallowed food to the stomach. | Esophagus |
| The roof of the nose is separated from the cranial cavity by a portion of the ethmoid bone called the | cribriform plate. |
| The trachea divides at its lower end into two | primary bronchi. |
| The function of surfactant is to: | prevent each alveolus from collapsing as air moves in and out during respiration. |
| The eustachian tube connects the middle ear with the: | nasopharynx |
| The more common name for the pharynx is the: | throat. |
| Which of the following is not a function of the pharynx? | Determines the quality of the voice |
| The lower border of the cavity of the larynx is formed by the: | cricoid cartilage. |
| Paranasal sinuses are normally filled with: | air. |
| Which of the following is not lined with a ciliated mucous membrane? | Vestibule |
| Gas exchange, the lungs’ main and vital function, takes place in the: | alveoli. |
| The structure in the neck known as the “Adam’s apple” is the: | thyroid cartilage. |
| Which of the following does not distribute air? | Alveolus |
| The anatomical division of the pharynx that is located behind the mouth from the soft palate above to the level of the hyoid bone below is called the: | oropharynx |
| Which of the following lists the correct sequence of air as it passes through the nose into the pharynx? | Anterior nares vestibule inferior, middle, and superior meatus posterior nares |
| Olfactory epithelium is found: | covering the superior turbinate. |
| Which of the following is true of the cribriform plate? | It separates the nasal and cranial cavities. |
| The structures that deflect air as it passes through the nose are called: | conchae. |
| The small, leaf-shaped cartilage behind the tongue and hyoid bone is the: | epiglottis. |
| The function of the vibrissae in the vestibule is to: | provide an initial “filter” to screen particulate matter from air that is entering the system. |
| Which of the following is not a true statement? | Raising the ribs decreases the depth and width of the thorax. |
| The fauces, one of the seven openings found in the pharynx, opens into the: | oropharynx. |
| The hollow nasal cavity is separated by a midline partition called the: | septum |
| The upper respiratory tract includes all of the following structures except the: | trachea. |
| In the right lung, the superior and middle lobes are separated by the: | horizontal fissure. |
| The small openings in the cribriform plate function to: | allow branches of the olfactory nerve to enter the cranial cavity and reach the brain. |
| Which of the following is true of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx? | They serve in voice production |
| The approximate length of the trachea, or windpipe, is _____ cm. | 11 |
| The largest of the paranasal sinuses is the: | maxillary. |
| The respiratory portion of the nasal passage is lined with a mucous membrane made up of _____ epithelium. | pseudostratified columnar |
| The external openings to the nasal cavities can be referred to as: | nostrils, anterior nares, external nares |
| Which of the following is not a function of the respiratory system? | Distributes oxygen to cells |
| The smallest branches of the bronchial tree are: | bronchioles. |
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