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Med Term - Ch 7
Definitions, general knowledge, roots, acronyms; see slides.
Question | Answer |
---|---|
The nervous system and the ______ system work to achieve similar goals through different functions. | Endocrine |
The ________ consists of individual cells that wrap around the axon. | myelin sheath |
The spaces between sections of myelin sheaths are called _______. | nodes |
What is the olfactory cranial nerve responsible for? | carries impulses for the sense of smell toward the brain |
What is the optic cranial nerve responsible for? | carries visual impulses from the eye to the brain |
What is the oculomotor cranial nerve responsible for? | controls movement of eye muscles; carries the parasympathetic fibers that constrict the pupil |
What is the trochlear cranial nerve responsible for? | controls a muscle of the eyeball |
What is the trigeminal cranial nerve responsible for? | carries sensory impulses from the eye, upper jaw, and lower jaw toward the brain; controls chewing muscles |
What is the abductens cranial nerve responsible for? | controls a muscle of the eyeball |
What is the facial cranial nerve responsible for? | controls muscles of facial expression, carries sensation for taste, stimulates small salivary glands and lacrimal (tear) glands |
What is the vestibulocochlear cranial nerve responsible for? | carries impulses for hearing and equilibrium from the inner ear toward the brain; also called auditory or acoustic nerve |
What is the glossopharyngeal cranial nerve responsible for? | carries sensory impulses from the tongue and pharynx (throat), controls swallowing muscles, and stimulates the parotid salivary gland |
What is the vagus cranial nerve responsible for? | supplies most of the organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities; carries motor impulses to the larynx (voice box) and pharynx |
What is the spinal accessory cranial nerve responsible for? | controls muscles in the neck and larynx |
What is the hypoglossal cranial nerve responsible for? | controls muscles of the tongue |
The enlargements in the spinal cord are meant to connect the _____________. | arms and legs |
The spinal cord has a central area of ______ matter surrounded by _____ matter. | white, gray |
How many pairs of spinal nerves connect with the spinal cord? | 31 |
In a ___________, impulses travel through the spinal cord only and do not reach the brain. | spinal reflex |
Carrying toward a given point, such as the sensory neurons and nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS | afferent |
The middle layer of the meninges | arachnoid matter |
The division of the nervous system that regulates involuntary activities, controlling smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands; the visceral nervous system | autonomic nervous system (ANS) |
The fiber of a neuron that conducts impulses away from the cell body | axon |
The nervous tissue contained within the cranium; consists of the cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum | brain |
The part of the brain that consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata | brainstem |
The brain and spinal cord | central nervous system (CNS) |
The posterior portion of the brain dorsal to the pons and medulla; helps to coordinate movement and to maintain balance and posture | cerebellum |
The cerebrum’s thin surface layer of gray matter | cerebral cortex |
The large upper portion of the brain; it is divided into two hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure | cerebrum |
The watery fluid that circulates in and around the brain and spinal cord for protection | cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
The 12 pairs of nerves that are connected to the brain | cranial nerves |
A fiber of a neuron that conducts impulses toward the cell body | dendrite |
The part of the brain that contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland; located between the cerebrum and the brainstem | diencephalon |
The strong, fibrous outermost layer of the meninges | dura mater |
Carrying away from a given point, such as the motor neurons and nerves that carry impulses away from the CNS | efferent |
A collection of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS | ganglion |
Unmyelinated tissue of the nervous system | gray matter |
A raised convolution of the surface of the cerebrum | gyrus |
The part of the brain that controls the pituitary gland and maintains homeostasis | hypothalamus |
Any neuron located between a sensory and a motor neuron in a neural pathway, such as the neurons that transmit impulses within the CNS | interneuron |
The portion of the brain that connects with the spinal cord; it has vital centers for control of respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure | medulla oblongata |
The three membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord | meninges |
The part of the brainstem between the diencephalon and the pons; contains centers for coordination of reflexes for vision and hearing | midbrain |
Producing movement; describes efferent neurons and nerves that carry impulses away from the CNS | motor |
A whitish, fatty substance that surrounds certain axons of the nervous system | myelin |
The support cells of the nervous system; also called glial cells | nueroglia |
The basic unit of the nervous system; a nerve cell | neuron |
A chemical that transmits energy across a synapse | neurotransmitter |
A bundle of neuron fibers outside the CNS | nerve |
The part of the autonomic nervous system that reverses the response to stress and restores homeostasis; it slows heart rate and respiration rate and stimulates digestive, urinary, and reproductive activities | parasympathetic nervous system |
The portion of the nervous system outside the CNS | peripheral nervous system |
The innermost layer of the meninges | pia mater |
A rounded area on the ventral surface of the brainstem; contains fibers that connect brain regions | pons |
A simple, rapid, and automatic response to a stimulus | reflex |
The fundamental unit of a word. A branch of a spinal nerve that connects with the spinal cord | root |
Pertaining to the senses or sensation; describing afferent neurons and nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS | sensory |
The division of the nervous system that controls skeletal (voluntary) muscles | somatic nervous system |
The nervous tissue contained within the spinal column; extends from the medulla oblongata to the second lumbar vertebra | spinal cord |
The 31 pairs of nerves that connect with the spinal cord | spinal nerves |
A shallow furrow or groove, as on the surface of the cerebrum | sulcus |
The part of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes a response to stress, increases heart rate and respiration rate, and delivers more blood to skeletal muscles | sympathetic nervous system |
The junction between two neurons; also the junction between a motor neuron and a muscle or gland | synapse |
The part of the brain that receives all sensory impulses, except those for the sense of smell, and directs them to the proper portion of the cerebral cortex | thalamus |
A bundle of neuron fibers within the CNS | tract |
A small cavity, such as one of the cavities in the brain in which CSF is formed. One of the two lower pumping chambers of the heart | ventricle |
The autonomic nervous system is also called the _______________. | visceral nervous system |
Myelinated tissue of the nervous system | white matter |
neur/o, neur/i | nervous tissue |
gli/o | neuroglia |
gangli/o, ganglion/o | ganglion |
mening/o, meninge/o | meninges |
myel/o | spinal cord |
radicul/o | spinal nerve root |
encephal/o | brain |
cerebr/o | cerebrum |
cortic/o | cerebral cortex |
cerebell/o | cerebellum |
thalam/o | thalamus |
ventricul/o | cavity, ventricle |
medull/o | medulla oblongota |
psych/o | mind |
narc/o | stupor, unconsciousness |
somn/o, somn/i | sleep |
-phasia | speech |
-lalia | speech, babble |
-lexia | reading |
-plegia | paralysis |
-paresis | partial paralysis |
-lepsy | seizure |
-phobia | irrational fear |
-mania | excited state |
A form of dementia caused by atrophy of the cerebral cortex; presenile dementia | alzheimer's disease |
A starch-like substance of unknown composition that accumulates in the brain in Alzheimer and other diseases | amyloid |
A localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel that results from weakness of the vessel wall, usually of an artery; may eventually burst | aneurism |
a range of language disorders, both spoken and written, that may affect the ability to understand speech or the ability to produce speech | aphasia |
A neuroglial tumor composed of astrocytes | astrocytoma |
A bruise to the surface of the brain following a blow to the head | cerebral contusion |
Sudden damage to the brain resulting from reduction of cerebral blood flow; possible causes are atherosclerosis, thrombosis, or a ruptured aneurysm; commonly called stroke | cerebrovascular accident (CVA) |
State of deep unconsciousness from which one cannot be roused | coma |
Injury resulting from a violent blow or shock; a brain concussion usually results in loss of consciousness | concussion |
A state of reduced comprehension, coherence, and reasoning ability resulting in inappropriate responses to environmental stimuli | confusion |
Damage to the brain on the side opposite the point of a blow as a result of the brain hitting the skull | contrecoup injury |
A series of violent, involuntary muscle contractions | convulsion |
A gradual and usually irreversible loss of intellectual function | dementia |
Obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot or other material carried in the circulation | embolism |
Inflammation of the brain | encephalitis |
Accumulation of blood in the epidural space | epidural hematoma |
A chronic disease involving periodic sudden bursts of electric activity from the brain, resulting in seizures | epilepsy |
A tumor of neuroglial cells | glioma |
Partial paralysis or weakness of one side of the body | hemiparesis |
Paralysis of one side of the body | hemiplegia |
Increased accumulation of CSF in or around the brain as a result of obstructed flow; may be caused by tumor, inflammation, hemorrhage, or congenital abnormality | hydrocephalus |
Insufficient or nonrestorative sleep despite ample opportunity to sleep | insomnia |
Tumor of the meninges | meningioma |
Inflammation of the meninges | meningitis |
Dementia caused by chronic cerebral ischemia (lack of blood supply) as a result of multiple small strokes; there is progressive loss of cognitive function, memory, and judgment as well as altered motor and sensory function | multi-infarct dementia |
A chronic, progressive disease involving loss of myelin in the CNS | multiple sclerosis (MS) |
Brief, uncontrollable episodes of sleep during the day | narcolepsy |
Temporary or permanent loss of function | paralysis |
A disorder originating in the brain’s basal ganglia (nuclei) and characterized by slow movements, tremor, rigidity, and mask-like face | parkinsonism |
A sudden attack, as seen in epilepsy | seizure |
An acute viral infection that follows nerve pathways causing small lesions on the skin | shingles |
Brief periods of breathing cessation during sleep | sleep apnea |
Sudden interference with blood flow in one or more cerebral vessels leading to oxygen deprivation and necrosis of brain tissue | stroke |
Accumulation of blood beneath the dura mater | subdural hematoma |
Development of a blood clot within a vessel | thrombosis |
A shaking or involuntary movement | tremor |
Surgical removal of the lining of the carotid artery, the large artery in the neck that supplies blood to the brain | carotid endarterectomy |
Radiographic study of the brain’s blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium | cerebral angiography |
Amplification, recording, and interpretation of the brain’s electric activity | electroencephalography (EEG) |
A drug used in the treatment of parkinsonism | L-dopa |
Puncture of the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region of the spinal cord to remove spinal fluid for diagnosis or to inject anesthesia AKA spinal tap | lumbar puncture |
Simultaneous monitoring of a variety of physiologic functions during sleep to diagnose sleep disorders | polysomnography |
A feeling of fear, worry, uneasiness, or dread | anxiety |
A condition that begins in childhood and is characterized by attention problems, easy boredom, impulsive behavior, and hyperactivity | attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) |
A disorder of unknown cause consisting of self-absorption, lack of response to social contact and affection, preoccupations, stereotyped behavior, and resistance to change | autism |
A disability that falls within a range of neurodevelopmental impairments that appears early in life and affects social interactions and communications skills | autism spectrum disorder (ASD) |
A form of depression with episodes of mania (a state of elation); manic depressive illness | bipolar disorder |
A false belief inconsistent with knowledge and experience | delusion |
A mental state characterized by profound feelings of sadness, emptiness, hopelessness, and lack of interest or pleasure in activities | depression |
A mild form of depression that usually develops in response to a serious life event | dysthymia |
A false perception unrelated to reality or external stimuli | hallucination |
A state of elation, which may include agitation, hyperexcitability, or hyperactivity | mania |
A condition associated with recurrent and intrusive thoughts, images, and repetitive behaviors performed to relieve anxiety | obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) |
A form of anxiety disorder marked by episodes of intense fear | panic disorder |
A mental state characterized by jealousy, delusions of persecution, or perceptions of threat or harm | paranoia |
An extreme, persistent fear of a specific object or situation | phobia |
Persistent emotional disturbances that follow exposure to life-threatening, catastrophic events, such as trauma, abuse, natural disasters, and warfare | posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
A mental disorder extreme enough to cause gross misperception of reality with delusions and hallucinations | psychosis |
A poorly understood group of severe mental disorders with features of psychosis, delusions, hallucinations, and withdrawn or bizarre behavior | schizophrenia |
Abbreviation for: Acetylcholine | Ach |
Abbreviation for: Cerebrovascular accident | CVA |
Abbreviation for: Cerebrovascular disease | CVD |
Abbreviation for: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders | DSM |
Abbreviation for: Electroencephalogram | EEG |
Abbreviation for: Intracranial pressure | ICP |
Abbreviation for: Monoamine oxidase inhibitor | MAOI |
Abbreviation for: Somatosensory evoked potentials | SSEP |
Abbreviation for: Tricyclic antidepressant | TCAV |