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Med Term - Ch 7
Definitions, general knowledge, roots, acronyms; see slides.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The nervous system and the ______ system work to achieve similar goals through different functions. | Endocrine |
| The ________ consists of individual cells that wrap around the axon. | myelin sheath |
| The spaces between sections of myelin sheaths are called _______. | nodes |
| What is the olfactory cranial nerve responsible for? | carries impulses for the sense of smell toward the brain |
| What is the optic cranial nerve responsible for? | carries visual impulses from the eye to the brain |
| What is the oculomotor cranial nerve responsible for? | controls movement of eye muscles; carries the parasympathetic fibers that constrict the pupil |
| What is the trochlear cranial nerve responsible for? | controls a muscle of the eyeball |
| What is the trigeminal cranial nerve responsible for? | carries sensory impulses from the eye, upper jaw, and lower jaw toward the brain; controls chewing muscles |
| What is the abductens cranial nerve responsible for? | controls a muscle of the eyeball |
| What is the facial cranial nerve responsible for? | controls muscles of facial expression, carries sensation for taste, stimulates small salivary glands and lacrimal (tear) glands |
| What is the vestibulocochlear cranial nerve responsible for? | carries impulses for hearing and equilibrium from the inner ear toward the brain; also called auditory or acoustic nerve |
| What is the glossopharyngeal cranial nerve responsible for? | carries sensory impulses from the tongue and pharynx (throat), controls swallowing muscles, and stimulates the parotid salivary gland |
| What is the vagus cranial nerve responsible for? | supplies most of the organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities; carries motor impulses to the larynx (voice box) and pharynx |
| What is the spinal accessory cranial nerve responsible for? | controls muscles in the neck and larynx |
| What is the hypoglossal cranial nerve responsible for? | controls muscles of the tongue |
| The enlargements in the spinal cord are meant to connect the _____________. | arms and legs |
| The spinal cord has a central area of ______ matter surrounded by _____ matter. | white, gray |
| How many pairs of spinal nerves connect with the spinal cord? | 31 |
| In a ___________, impulses travel through the spinal cord only and do not reach the brain. | spinal reflex |
| Carrying toward a given point, such as the sensory neurons and nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS | afferent |
| The middle layer of the meninges | arachnoid matter |
| The division of the nervous system that regulates involuntary activities, controlling smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands; the visceral nervous system | autonomic nervous system (ANS) |
| The fiber of a neuron that conducts impulses away from the cell body | axon |
| The nervous tissue contained within the cranium; consists of the cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem, and cerebellum | brain |
| The part of the brain that consists of the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata | brainstem |
| The brain and spinal cord | central nervous system (CNS) |
| The posterior portion of the brain dorsal to the pons and medulla; helps to coordinate movement and to maintain balance and posture | cerebellum |
| The cerebrum’s thin surface layer of gray matter | cerebral cortex |
| The large upper portion of the brain; it is divided into two hemispheres by the longitudinal fissure | cerebrum |
| The watery fluid that circulates in and around the brain and spinal cord for protection | cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
| The 12 pairs of nerves that are connected to the brain | cranial nerves |
| A fiber of a neuron that conducts impulses toward the cell body | dendrite |
| The part of the brain that contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, and pituitary gland; located between the cerebrum and the brainstem | diencephalon |
| The strong, fibrous outermost layer of the meninges | dura mater |
| Carrying away from a given point, such as the motor neurons and nerves that carry impulses away from the CNS | efferent |
| A collection of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS | ganglion |
| Unmyelinated tissue of the nervous system | gray matter |
| A raised convolution of the surface of the cerebrum | gyrus |
| The part of the brain that controls the pituitary gland and maintains homeostasis | hypothalamus |
| Any neuron located between a sensory and a motor neuron in a neural pathway, such as the neurons that transmit impulses within the CNS | interneuron |
| The portion of the brain that connects with the spinal cord; it has vital centers for control of respiration, heart rate, and blood pressure | medulla oblongata |
| The three membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord | meninges |
| The part of the brainstem between the diencephalon and the pons; contains centers for coordination of reflexes for vision and hearing | midbrain |
| Producing movement; describes efferent neurons and nerves that carry impulses away from the CNS | motor |
| A whitish, fatty substance that surrounds certain axons of the nervous system | myelin |
| The support cells of the nervous system; also called glial cells | nueroglia |
| The basic unit of the nervous system; a nerve cell | neuron |
| A chemical that transmits energy across a synapse | neurotransmitter |
| A bundle of neuron fibers outside the CNS | nerve |
| The part of the autonomic nervous system that reverses the response to stress and restores homeostasis; it slows heart rate and respiration rate and stimulates digestive, urinary, and reproductive activities | parasympathetic nervous system |
| The portion of the nervous system outside the CNS | peripheral nervous system |
| The innermost layer of the meninges | pia mater |
| A rounded area on the ventral surface of the brainstem; contains fibers that connect brain regions | pons |
| A simple, rapid, and automatic response to a stimulus | reflex |
| The fundamental unit of a word. A branch of a spinal nerve that connects with the spinal cord | root |
| Pertaining to the senses or sensation; describing afferent neurons and nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS | sensory |
| The division of the nervous system that controls skeletal (voluntary) muscles | somatic nervous system |
| The nervous tissue contained within the spinal column; extends from the medulla oblongata to the second lumbar vertebra | spinal cord |
| The 31 pairs of nerves that connect with the spinal cord | spinal nerves |
| A shallow furrow or groove, as on the surface of the cerebrum | sulcus |
| The part of the autonomic nervous system that mobilizes a response to stress, increases heart rate and respiration rate, and delivers more blood to skeletal muscles | sympathetic nervous system |
| The junction between two neurons; also the junction between a motor neuron and a muscle or gland | synapse |
| The part of the brain that receives all sensory impulses, except those for the sense of smell, and directs them to the proper portion of the cerebral cortex | thalamus |
| A bundle of neuron fibers within the CNS | tract |
| A small cavity, such as one of the cavities in the brain in which CSF is formed. One of the two lower pumping chambers of the heart | ventricle |
| The autonomic nervous system is also called the _______________. | visceral nervous system |
| Myelinated tissue of the nervous system | white matter |
| neur/o, neur/i | nervous tissue |
| gli/o | neuroglia |
| gangli/o, ganglion/o | ganglion |
| mening/o, meninge/o | meninges |
| myel/o | spinal cord |
| radicul/o | spinal nerve root |
| encephal/o | brain |
| cerebr/o | cerebrum |
| cortic/o | cerebral cortex |
| cerebell/o | cerebellum |
| thalam/o | thalamus |
| ventricul/o | cavity, ventricle |
| medull/o | medulla oblongota |
| psych/o | mind |
| narc/o | stupor, unconsciousness |
| somn/o, somn/i | sleep |
| -phasia | speech |
| -lalia | speech, babble |
| -lexia | reading |
| -plegia | paralysis |
| -paresis | partial paralysis |
| -lepsy | seizure |
| -phobia | irrational fear |
| -mania | excited state |
| A form of dementia caused by atrophy of the cerebral cortex; presenile dementia | alzheimer's disease |
| A starch-like substance of unknown composition that accumulates in the brain in Alzheimer and other diseases | amyloid |
| A localized abnormal dilation of a blood vessel that results from weakness of the vessel wall, usually of an artery; may eventually burst | aneurism |
| a range of language disorders, both spoken and written, that may affect the ability to understand speech or the ability to produce speech | aphasia |
| A neuroglial tumor composed of astrocytes | astrocytoma |
| A bruise to the surface of the brain following a blow to the head | cerebral contusion |
| Sudden damage to the brain resulting from reduction of cerebral blood flow; possible causes are atherosclerosis, thrombosis, or a ruptured aneurysm; commonly called stroke | cerebrovascular accident (CVA) |
| State of deep unconsciousness from which one cannot be roused | coma |
| Injury resulting from a violent blow or shock; a brain concussion usually results in loss of consciousness | concussion |
| A state of reduced comprehension, coherence, and reasoning ability resulting in inappropriate responses to environmental stimuli | confusion |
| Damage to the brain on the side opposite the point of a blow as a result of the brain hitting the skull | contrecoup injury |
| A series of violent, involuntary muscle contractions | convulsion |
| A gradual and usually irreversible loss of intellectual function | dementia |
| Obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot or other material carried in the circulation | embolism |
| Inflammation of the brain | encephalitis |
| Accumulation of blood in the epidural space | epidural hematoma |
| A chronic disease involving periodic sudden bursts of electric activity from the brain, resulting in seizures | epilepsy |
| A tumor of neuroglial cells | glioma |
| Partial paralysis or weakness of one side of the body | hemiparesis |
| Paralysis of one side of the body | hemiplegia |
| Increased accumulation of CSF in or around the brain as a result of obstructed flow; may be caused by tumor, inflammation, hemorrhage, or congenital abnormality | hydrocephalus |
| Insufficient or nonrestorative sleep despite ample opportunity to sleep | insomnia |
| Tumor of the meninges | meningioma |
| Inflammation of the meninges | meningitis |
| Dementia caused by chronic cerebral ischemia (lack of blood supply) as a result of multiple small strokes; there is progressive loss of cognitive function, memory, and judgment as well as altered motor and sensory function | multi-infarct dementia |
| A chronic, progressive disease involving loss of myelin in the CNS | multiple sclerosis (MS) |
| Brief, uncontrollable episodes of sleep during the day | narcolepsy |
| Temporary or permanent loss of function | paralysis |
| A disorder originating in the brain’s basal ganglia (nuclei) and characterized by slow movements, tremor, rigidity, and mask-like face | parkinsonism |
| A sudden attack, as seen in epilepsy | seizure |
| An acute viral infection that follows nerve pathways causing small lesions on the skin | shingles |
| Brief periods of breathing cessation during sleep | sleep apnea |
| Sudden interference with blood flow in one or more cerebral vessels leading to oxygen deprivation and necrosis of brain tissue | stroke |
| Accumulation of blood beneath the dura mater | subdural hematoma |
| Development of a blood clot within a vessel | thrombosis |
| A shaking or involuntary movement | tremor |
| Surgical removal of the lining of the carotid artery, the large artery in the neck that supplies blood to the brain | carotid endarterectomy |
| Radiographic study of the brain’s blood vessels after injection of a contrast medium | cerebral angiography |
| Amplification, recording, and interpretation of the brain’s electric activity | electroencephalography (EEG) |
| A drug used in the treatment of parkinsonism | L-dopa |
| Puncture of the subarachnoid space in the lumbar region of the spinal cord to remove spinal fluid for diagnosis or to inject anesthesia AKA spinal tap | lumbar puncture |
| Simultaneous monitoring of a variety of physiologic functions during sleep to diagnose sleep disorders | polysomnography |
| A feeling of fear, worry, uneasiness, or dread | anxiety |
| A condition that begins in childhood and is characterized by attention problems, easy boredom, impulsive behavior, and hyperactivity | attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) |
| A disorder of unknown cause consisting of self-absorption, lack of response to social contact and affection, preoccupations, stereotyped behavior, and resistance to change | autism |
| A disability that falls within a range of neurodevelopmental impairments that appears early in life and affects social interactions and communications skills | autism spectrum disorder (ASD) |
| A form of depression with episodes of mania (a state of elation); manic depressive illness | bipolar disorder |
| A false belief inconsistent with knowledge and experience | delusion |
| A mental state characterized by profound feelings of sadness, emptiness, hopelessness, and lack of interest or pleasure in activities | depression |
| A mild form of depression that usually develops in response to a serious life event | dysthymia |
| A false perception unrelated to reality or external stimuli | hallucination |
| A state of elation, which may include agitation, hyperexcitability, or hyperactivity | mania |
| A condition associated with recurrent and intrusive thoughts, images, and repetitive behaviors performed to relieve anxiety | obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) |
| A form of anxiety disorder marked by episodes of intense fear | panic disorder |
| A mental state characterized by jealousy, delusions of persecution, or perceptions of threat or harm | paranoia |
| An extreme, persistent fear of a specific object or situation | phobia |
| Persistent emotional disturbances that follow exposure to life-threatening, catastrophic events, such as trauma, abuse, natural disasters, and warfare | posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
| A mental disorder extreme enough to cause gross misperception of reality with delusions and hallucinations | psychosis |
| A poorly understood group of severe mental disorders with features of psychosis, delusions, hallucinations, and withdrawn or bizarre behavior | schizophrenia |
| Abbreviation for: Acetylcholine | Ach |
| Abbreviation for: Cerebrovascular accident | CVA |
| Abbreviation for: Cerebrovascular disease | CVD |
| Abbreviation for: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders | DSM |
| Abbreviation for: Electroencephalogram | EEG |
| Abbreviation for: Intracranial pressure | ICP |
| Abbreviation for: Monoamine oxidase inhibitor | MAOI |
| Abbreviation for: Somatosensory evoked potentials | SSEP |
| Abbreviation for: Tricyclic antidepressant | TCAV |
Created by:
captchacode
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