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skeletal system
| Bones are made of | living tissue |
| Long Bones | long axes and expanded ends (ex: bones in forearm/femur) |
| Short Bones | Somewhat cubed and length/width are somewhat equal (ex:bones in wrist and ankle) |
| Flat Bones | platelike with broad surfaces (ex: Ribs, Scapula and some bones of skull) |
| Irregular Bones | come in variety of shapes and usually connected to several other bones. (ex: vertebrae and facial bones) |
| Sesamoid Bones | Round, nodular, and embedded in the tendons (ex: the kneecap (patella) ) |
| Epiphysis | expanded portion at the end of the bone. This comes together with another bone and forms a joint and coated with a layer of articular cartilage |
| Diaphysis | The shaft of the bone between the epiphysis. (The long part of the bone) |
| Periosteum | A vascular covering of the fibrous tissue that enclosed the bone. (Helps for and repair bone tissue) |
| Compact Bone | Tightly packed bone on the wall of the diaphysis |
| Spongy Bone | (Located on the epiphysises) Consists of numerous branching bony plates. |
| Medullary Cavity | Holow chamber inside the bone. The inside is lined with cells called Endosteum |
| Marrow | specialized soft connective tissue that lines the medullary cavity |
| Bones cells are called | Osteocytes |
| Intramembranous Bones | These are broad, flat bones of the skull |
| Endochondral Bones | These bones make up most of the bones of the skeleton |
| 2 types of osteocytes | osteoclasts and osteoblasts |
| Osteoclasts | dissolve bone matrix |
| Osteoblasts | replace bone matrix |
| What are the two major portions of the skeleton? | The appendicular skeleton and the Axial skeleton |
| Axial skeleton | Head, neck, and trunk |
| Skull | consists of cranium (brain case) and the facial bones |
| Hyoid Bone | Located in the neck below lower jaw |
| Vertebral column (backbone) | Consists of many vertebrae that connect. At the bottom they fuse together to form the sacrum |
| Thoracic cage | protects the viscera of the thoracic cavity and upper abdomen |
| How many pairs of ribs are there? | 12 |
| Appendicular skeleton | upper and lower limbs and the bones that attach them to the axial skeleton |
| Pectoral Girdle | Consists of scapula and clavical |
| Upper limbs | consists of humerus (upper arm bone), radius, ulna (forearm bone), 8 carpals (wrist bone), metacarpals (Hand/palm bone), and the phalanges (fingers) |
| Pelvic Girdle | 2 hip bones |
| Lower limbs | Femur (thigh bone), tibia (shin bone), fibula (lower leg bone), meta tarsals (foot bone), and phalanges (toes) |
| Bone Function | Shape, support and protect body structure |
| What are the four parts of a lever? | rod/bar(bone), falcrum(Joints), object/resistance(weight of object), and a force that gives energy to move(muscle). |
| Hematopoesis | process of blood cell formation |
| The two kinds of marrow are | Red and yellow |
| The skull consists of how many bones | 44 (22 attached, 8 make up cranium, 14 form face) |
| The skulls bones are fused together by lines called | sutures |
| The mandible | forms the lower jaw |
| The cranium | protects and encloses the brain |
| Frontal bone (forehead) | located above the eyes |
| Parietal bone | located on each side of the skull |
| Occipital bone | Forms the back of the skull and the base if the cranium |
| Temporal bone | Form part of the sides ans base of the cranium |
| Sphenoid bone | Located between several bones toward the front of the cranium |
| Ethmoid bone | Located in front of the sphenoid bone |
| The facial skeleton has how many bones? | 13 immovable bones and a lower jawbone |
| Maxillae | forms the upper jaw and makes up the roof of the mouth (hard palate) and the floors of the orbit and nasal cavity. |
| Palatine bones | located behind the maxilla |
| Zygomatic bones | located below and to the sides of the eyes (cheek bones) |
| Lacrimal bones | Thin bone located in the medial wall of orbit (between eye sockets) |
| Nasal bones | These are long and thin. Rectangular and lay side by side |
| Vomer bone | located in middle of the middle cavity |
| Inferior nasal conchae | Inferior shaped bones attached to the sides of the nasal cavity |
| Manible | The lower jawbone |
| Fontanel | Membranous areas of incomplete intramembranous ossification. (permit some movement between bones) |
| Vertebral column | Extends from the skull to the pelvis |
| Typical vertebrae | drum shaped body (thick portion) |
| Cervical vertebrae | The cervical vertebrae of the neck |
| Thoracic vertebrae | contains 2 vertebrae that are longer than the cervical vertebrae |
| Lumbar vertebrae | located in the small of the neck |
| Sacrum | Triangular Structures |
| Coccyx (tailbone) | lowest part of the vertebral column |
| The thoracic cage | Includes ribs, thoracic vertebrae, sternum, and costal cartilage |
| How many true ribs are there? | 7 |
| How many false ribs are there? | 5 |
| How many floating ribs are there? | 3 |
| Sternum (breastbone) | Located in the middle of the thoracic cage |
| Manubrium | Top part of the sternum |
| Body | Middle part of the sternum |
| Xiphoid Process | Lower part of the sternum |
| Pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle) | Composed of 2 clavicles and 2 scapula |
| Clavicles (collarbone) | Shaped like a rod, located at the base of the neck, and help hold the shoulder blade in place |
| Scapulae (shoulder blades) | Shaped like triangles, located on each side of the upper back |
| ROM | range of motion |
| Contracture | Tightening and shortening of a muscle |
| Muscle Atrophy | Muscles shrink and become weak |
| Circulatory Impairment | Circulation of the blood is impaired |
| Mineral Loss | Bones lose calcium |
| active ROM | Patients perform exercises on their own |
| Active Assistive ROM | Patient actively moves joints but needs assistance to complete full ROM |
| Passive ROM | Another person moves each joint for a patient that is unable to move |
| Resistive ROM | Administered by a therapist |
| Abduction | Moving a part away from the midline of the body |
| Adduction | Moving a part toward the midline of the body |
| Flexion | Bending a body part |
| Extension | Straightening a body part |
| Hypertension | Excessive Straightening of a body part |
| Rotation | Moving a body part around its own axis |
| Cirucumduction | Moving in a circle at a point |
| Pronation | Turning a body part upward |
| Supination | Turning a body part upward |
| Opposition | Touching each of the fingers to the tip of the thumb |
| Inversion | Turning a body part inward |
| Eversion | Turning a body part outward |
| Dorsiflexion | Bending backward |
| Plantar flexion | Bending forward |
| Radial Deviation | Moving toward the thumb side of hand |
| Ulnar Deviation | Moving toward the little finger side of the hand |
| Joint | Functional junction between bones |
| Fibrous Joints | Between bones that are close together (bines bones together) (ex: between flat bones of skull) |
| Cartilaginous Joints | Hyaline cartilage binds these together (ex: between vertebrae) |
| Synovial Joints | Most joints of the skeletal system, allow free movement |
| Ball and Socket joint | Globe or egg shaped head that articulates with a cup shaped cavity of another bone (ex: shoulder and hip) |
| Condyloid Joint | Oval shaped condile fits into elliptical cavity of another bone (ex: metacarpals and phalanges) |
| Gliding Joint | mostly flat, allow sliding and twisting movements (ex: wrist and ankle) |
| Hinge Joints | Convex surface of bone fits into concave surface of another (ex: elbow and phalanges) |
| Pivot Joints | Cylinder surface of one bone rotates in a ring of another bone (ex:radius and ulna) |
| Saddle joints | Articulating bones have concave and convex regions (ex: carpals and metacarpals) |
| Flexion | Bending parts so that the angle between them decreases (bending arm) |
| Extension | Straightening parts so that the angle between them increases (straightening arm) |
| Dorsiflexion | Movement at the ankle that brings the foot closer to the shin (walking on your heels) |
| Plantar Flexion | Movement at the ankle that brings the foot father from the shin (walking on or pointing toes) |
| Hyperextension | Extension of the parts at a joints beyond the anatomical position (bending the head back) |
| Abduction | Moving a part away from the midway of the body |
| Adduction | Moving a part toward the midline |
| Rotation | Moving a part around on a axis |
| Circumduction | Moving a part so that its ends follow a circular path |
| pronation | Turning the hand so that the palm is downward |
| Supination | Turning the hand so that the palm is upward |
| Eversion | Turning the foot so the plantar surface faces laterally |
| Inversion | Turning the foot so the plantar surface faces medially |
| Retraction | Moving a part backward |
| Protraction | Moving a part forward |
| Elevation | Raising a part |
| Depression | Lowering a part |
| Upper limb | Forms the framework of the arm, forearm and hand |
| Humerus | Extends from the scapula to the elbow |
| Radius | Located on thumb side of forearm |
| Ulna | Longer than radius |
| Hand | Made up of wrist, palm and fingers |
| How many phalanges does each finger have | 3 |
| How many phalanges does the thumb have | 2 |
Created by:
Chellesgift
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