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Anatomy 2401 Ch. 2
Unit 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Element | Simplest form of matter to have unique chemical properties |
| Atomic Number | Number of protons in an elements’ nucleus |
| Minerals | Inorganic elements extracted from the soil by plants and passed up the food chain |
| Proton | Positively charged particle |
| Neutron | Particle without a charge |
| Electron | tiny particles with a single negative charge |
| Valence Shell | Outermost shell of an electron |
| Isotope | Variety of an element which differs only from the original in its number of neutrons (and therefor in atomic mass) |
| Radioisotope | Unstable isotope |
| Ions | Charged particles with an unequal number of protons and electrons |
| Anion | Particle that gains electrons and acquires a negative charge |
| Cation | Particle that loses electrons and acquires a positive charge |
| Valence | The charge of an ion |
| Electrolytes | Substances that ionize in water and form solutions capable of conducting electricity |
| Free Radicals | Unstable, highly reactive chemical particles with an odd number of electrons |
| Antioxidant | Chemical that neutralizes free radicals |
| Molecules | chemical particles composed of two or more atoms United by a chemical bond |
| Compound | Molecules composed of two or more elements |
| Isomers | Molecules with an identical molecular formula but different arrangement of their atoms |
| Molecular Weight | The sum of a compound’s atomic weights of its atoms |
| Ionic Bond | Relatively weak attraction between an anion and a cation. Easily disrupted in water. |
| Covalent Bond | Sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between nuclei |
| Single Covalent Bond | Sharing of one electron pair |
| Double Covalent Bond | Sharing two electrons pairs. Often occurs between carbon atoms, between carbon and oxygen, and between carbon and nitrogen |
| Nonpolar Covalent Bond | Covalent bond in which electrons are equally attracted to both nuclei. May be single or double. Strongest type of chemical bond. |
| Polar Covalent Bond | Covalent bond in which electrons are more attracted to one nucleus than to the other, resulting in slightly positive and negative regions in one molecule. May be single or double |
| Hydrogen Bond | Weak attractive between polarized molecules or between polarized regions of the same molecule; Important in the three-dimensional folding and coiling of large molecules. Easily disrupted by temperature and pH changes |
| Van deer Waals Force | Weak, brief attraction due to random disturbances in the electron clouds of adjacent atoms. Weakest of all bonds individually, but can have strong effects collectively |
| Ionic Bond | The attraction of a cation to an anion |
| Mixture | Substances that are physically blended but not chemically combined |
| What is the universal solvent? | Water |
| Hydrophilic | Substances that dissolve in water |
| Hydrophobic | Substances that do not dissolve in — and actually repel — water |
| Colloid | Large, cloudy particles, 1 - 100 nm in size, too large to pass through most selectively permeable membranes, but still small enough to remain permanently mixed with a solvent when the mixture stands |
| Emulsion | Suspension of one liquid in another |
| Acid | Any proton donor |
| A change of one whole number on the pH scale represents a ____ change in H+ concentration. | 10-fold |
| Buffers | Chemical solutions that resist changes in pH |
| Base | Proton acceptor |
| Acidic Solution | Solution with pH below 7 |
| Basic (alkaline) Solution | Solution with pH above 7 |
| Neutral Solution | Solution with a pH of 7 |
| Weight per volume | Weight of a solute in a given volume of solution. Example: blood sugar is measured in mg/dL |
| Molarity | A measure of the number of moles of solute per liter of solution |
| Mole | Number of grams equal to its molecular weight |
| Energy | The capacity to do work |
| Work | To move something |
| Potential energy | Energy contained in an object because of its position or internal state but that is not doing work at the time |
| Kinetic energy | Energy that is currently doing work |
| Chemical energy | Potential energy stored in the bonds of molecules |
| Heat | Kinetic energy of molecular motion |
| Electromagnetic energy | Kinetic energy of moving “packets” of radiation called photons |
| Electrical energy | Charged particles with both potential and kinetic forms |
| Chemical reaction | Process in which a covalent or ionic bond is formed or broken |
| Chemical equation | Symbol of the course of a chemical reaction that typically shows the reactants on the left and products on the right |
| Decomposition reaction | Large molecule breaks down into two or more smaller molecules AB -> A+B |
| Synthesis reaction | Two or more small molecules combine to form a larger one A+B -> AB |
| Exchange reaction | Two molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms AB + CD - > AC + BD |
| Reversible reaction | Reaction that can go in either direction under different circumstances |
| Reaction Rates | Speed of which mutually reactive molecules collide with sufficient force and in the right orientation |
| Factors that Affect Reaction Rates | Concentration, Temperature, Catalysts |
| Catalyst | Substance that temporarily binds to reactants and holds them in a favorable position to react with each other and may change the shapes of reactants in ways to make them more likely to react |
| Catabolism | Energy-releasing and decomposition reactions |
| Exergonic reactions | Energy-releasing reactions |
| Anabolism | Energy-storing synthesis reactions |
| Endergonic reactions | Reactions that require energy input |
| Oxidation | Any chemical reaction in which a molecule gives up electrons and releases energy |
| Reduction | Chemical reaction in which a molecule gains electrons and energy |
| Organic Chemistry | study of compounds of carbon |
| Carbon backbones | Long chains, branched molecules, and rings of bound carbon atoms |
| Functional groups | Small clusters of atoms that determine many of the properties of an organic molecule |
| Carboxyl Group Structure | (—COOH) |
| Polymers | Molecules made of a repetitive series of identical or similar subunits called monomers |
| Polymerization | The joining of monomers to form a polymer |
| Dimer | Two monomers joined together by a covalent bond |
| Carbohydrate | Hydrophilic organic molecule with the general formula (CH2O)n where n represents the number of carbon atoms |
| Monosaccharide | The simplest carbohydrate monomer |
| Name three monosaccharides | Glucose, galactose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose |
| Disaccharides | Sugars composed of two monosaccharides |
| Name three disaccharides | Sucrose (glucose+fructose), lactose (glucose+galactose), maltose (glucose+glucose) |
| Oligosaccharides | Short chains of three or more monosaccharides |
| Polysaccharides | Long chains (up to thousands of monosaccharides long) of monosaccharides |
| Glycogen | Energy-storage polysaccharide made by cells of the liver, muscles, brain, uterus, and vagina |
| Starch | Energy-storage polysaccharide of plants |
| Cellulose | Structural polysaccharide that gives strength to the cell walls of plants |
| Lipid | Hydrophobic organic molecule |
| What are the primary functions of fat? | Energy storage, thermal insulation, and shock absorption for vital organs |
| Fatty acid | Chain of usually 4 to 24 carbon atoms with a carboxyl group at one end and a methyl group at the |
| Saturated fatty acid | Has as much hydrogen as it can carry. No more could be added without exceeding four covalent bonds per carbon |
| Unsaturated fatty acids | Fatty acid where some carbon atoms are joined by double covalent bonds. Each of these could potentially share one pair of electrons with another hydrogen atom instead of the adjacent carbon, so hydrogen could be added to this molecule. |
| Polyunsaturated fatty acids | Fatty acids with multiple C=C bonds |
| Essential fatty acids | Fatty acids that cannot be synthesized by the human body and must be obtained from the diet |
| Triglyceride | Molecule consisting of a three-carbon alcohol called glycerol linked to three fatty acids (aka neutral fat) |
| Cholesterol | Component of cell membranes; precursor (“parent”) of other steroids |
| Phospholipids | An amphipathic molecule composed of two fatty acids and a phosphate-containing group; composes most of the molecules of the plasma membrane |
| Steroid | Lipid with 17 of its carbon atoms arranged in four rings |
| Protein | Polymer of amino acids |
| Amino Acid formula | Central carbon atom with an amino (—NH2) and carboxyl (—COOH) |
| Peptide | Any molecule composed of two or more amino acids joined by peptide bonds |
| Peptide bond | Bond formed by dehydration synthesis which joins the amino group of one amino acid to the carboxyl group of the next |
| Oligopeptides | Chains of fewer than 10 or 15 amino acids |
| Protein Primary Structure | Sequence of amino acids joined by peptide bonds |
| Protein Secondary Structure | Alpha helix or beta sheet formed by hydrogen bonding |
| Protein Tertiary Structure | Folding and coiling due to interaction among R groups and between R groups and surrounding water (Van deer Waals forces play a significant role in stabilizing tertiary structure) |
| Protein Quaternary Structure | Association of two or more polypeptide chains with each other |
| Fibrous proteins | Slender filaments suited for such roles as muscle contraction and providing strength to skin, hair, and tendons (ex. Myosin, keratin, and collagen) |
| Functions of protein | Structure (keratin, collagen), Communication, Membrane Transport, Catalysis, Recognition and protection, Movement, Cell adhesion |
| Enzymes | proteins that function as biological catalysts |
| Substrate | The substance an enzyme acts upon |
| Activation Energy | The energy needed to get a reaction started |
| Nucleotides | Organic compounds with three principal components: 1. Single or double carbon-nitrogen ring (nitrogenous base), 2. A monosaccharide, 3. One or more phosphate groups |
| ATP | The body’s most important energy-transfer molecule |
| ATPases | Enzymes specialized to hydrolysis the third phosphate bond of ATP to produce ADP and an inorganic phosphate group |
| Anaerobic fermentation | A pathway that converts excess pyruvate to lactate when the demand for ATP outpaces the oxygen supply |
| Guanosine triphosphate (GTP) | Nucleotide involved in energy transfers |
| Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) | Nucleotide formed by the removal of both the second and third phosphate groups from ATP |
| Nucleic acids | Polymers of nucleotides |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid | Largest nucleic acid that constitutes our genes, gives instructions for synthesizing body’s proteins, and transfers hereditary information from cell to cell when cells divide and generationally from reproduction |
Created by:
meghan.snell81
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