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Nervous System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How do cells communicate? | Via electrical and chemical signals |
| What are 3 functions of the nervous system? | Sensory Input, Integration, Motor Output |
| What is sensory input? | Information gathered by sensory receptors about internal and external changes |
| What is integration? | Processing and interpretation of sensory output |
| What is motor output? | Activation of effector organs (muscles and glands) produces a response |
| What are effector organs? | Muscles and glands |
| What are the two divisions on the nervous system? | Central nervous system (CNS) & Peripheral nervous system (PNS) |
| What is part of the central nervous system? | Brain and spinal cord of dorsal body cavity |
| What does the central nervous system do? | Interprets sensory input and dictates motor output |
| What is part of the peripheral nervous system? | Mainly nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord |
| What are spinal nerves? | Nerves that go to and from the spinal cord |
| What are cranial nerves? | Nerves that go to and from the brain |
| What are the two functional divisions of the peripheral nervous system? | Sensory (afferent) division and Motor (efferent) division |
| What fibers are part of the sensory (afferent) division? | Somatic sensory fibers and Visceral sensory fibers |
| What do somatic sensory fibers do? | Convey impulses from skin, skeletal, muscles, and joints to the central nervous system |
| What do visceral sensory fibers do? | Convey impulses from visceral organs to the central nervous system |
| What does the motor (efferent) division do? | Transmits impulses from the central nervous system to effector organs |
| What are the two divisions of the motor (efferent) division? | Somatic nervous system and Autonomic nervous system |
| What is the somatic nervous system composed of? | Somatic motor nerve fibers |
| What does the somatic nervous system do? | Conducts impulses from the central nervous system to skeletal muscle |
| Is the somatic nervous system a voluntary or involuntary nervous system? | Voluntary nervous system |
| What is the autonomic nervous system composed of? | Visceral motor nerve fibers |
| What does the autonomic nervous system do? | Regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands |
| Is the autonomic nervous system a voluntary or involuntary nervous system? | Involuntary nervous system |
| What are the two functional subdivisions of the autonomic nervous system? | Sympathetic and Parasympathetic |
| True or False: The parasympathetic and sympathetic subdivisions work in opposition to each other. | True |
| Is the sympathetic subdivision considered stressed or relaxed? | Stressed |
| Is the parasympathetic subdivision considered stressed or relaxed? | Relaxed |
| What are the two principal cell types? | Neuroglia and Neurons |
| What are neuroglia? | Small cells that surround and wrap delicate neurons |
| What are neurons (nerve cells)? | Excitable cells that transmit electrical signals |
| True or False: Nervous tissue is highly cellular and has little extracellular space, making it tightly packed. | True |
| Astrocytes: CNS or PNS? | CNS |
| Microglial cells: CNS or PNS? | CNS |
| Ependymal cells: CNS or PNS? | CNS |
| Oligodendrocytes: CNS or PNS? | CNS |
| Satellite cells: CNS or PNS? | PNS |
| Schwann cells: CNS or PNS? | PNS |
| What are astrocytes? | Most abundant, versatile, and highly branched glial cells |
| Where are astrocytes? | They cling to neurons, synaptic endings, and capillaries |
| Astrocytes ______ and ______ neurons. | support, brace |
| Astrocytes play a role in ______ between capillaries and neurons. | exchanges |
| Astrocytes guide the migration of ______ ______. | young neurons |
| Astrocytes control the chemical environment around _____. | neurons |
| Astrocytes respond to ______ ______ and ___________. | nerve impulses, neurotransmitters |
| Astrocytes influence ______ functioning and participate in ______ processing in the brain. | neuronal, information |
| What are microglial cells? | Small, ovoid cells with thorny processes |
| The thorny processes of the microglial cell _____ and _____ neurons. | touch, monitor |
| Microglial cells migrate toward ______ ______. | injured neurons |
| Microglial cells can transform to ________ microorganisms and neuronal debris. | phagocytize |
| Microglial cells are ______ cells in the central nervous system. | defensive |
| True or False: Ependymal cells range in shape. | True |
| True or False: Ependymal cells may be ciliated. | True |
| Ependymal cells line the central cavities of the ______ and ______ ______. | brain, spinal column |
| Ependymal cells form a ______ barrier between ______ ______ in cavities and ______ fluid bathing central nervous sytstem cells | permeable, cerebrospinal fluid, tissue |
| What are oligodendrocytes? | branched cells |
| Oligodendrocytes line up along the ______ nerve fibers in the central nervous system and wrap their processes around them. This produces an insulating covering called a ______ ______. | thicker, myelin sheath |
| What do satellite cells do? | Surround neuron cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system. (Similar to astrocytes of the central nervous system.) |
| What are Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes) similar to? | oligodendrocytes |
| Schwann cells surround all _______ nerve fibers and form _____ _____ around thicker nerve fibers. | peripheral, myelin sheaths |
| Schwann cells are vital to the ______ of ______ peripheral nerve fibers. | regeneration, damaged |
| What are neurons grouped by? | Direction in which the nerve impulse travels relative to the CNS. |
| What are the three types of neurons in functional classification? | sensory (afferent), motor (efferent), interneurons |
| Sensory neurons transmit impulses from _______ _______ toward the ______ nervous system. | sensory receptors, central |
| Almost all sensory neurons are ______. | unipolar |
| The cell bodies of sensory neurons lie in ______ in the ______ nervous system. | ganglia, peripheral |
| Interneurons lie between ______ and ______ neurons. | motor, sensory |
| Interneurons shuttle signals through ______ nervous system pathways. | central |
| True or False: Interneurons are 99% of the body's neurons. | True |
| Most interneurons are entirely within the _____ nervous system. | central |
| Motor neurons carry impulses from the _____ nervous system to _____. | central, effectors |
| Are motor neurons unipolar or multipolar? | multipolar |
| Most motor neuron cell bodies are in the ______ nervous system. | central |
| Neurons are the ______ units of the nervous system. | structural |
| What do neurons conduct? | impulses |
| How long do neurons last? | 100 years or more |
| True or False: Most neurons are amitotic. | True |
| Neurons have a _____ metabolic rate. | high |
| Neurons require a continuous supply of _____ and _____. | oxygen, glucose |
| All neurons have a _____ _____ and one or more ______. | cell body, processes |
| What are two words for the neuron cell body? | perikaryon or soma |
| What is the neuron cell body? | Biosynthetic center of neuron |
| What does the neuron cell body do? | Synthesizes proteins, membranes, and other chemicals |
| What are Nissl bodies? | Rough endoplasmic reticulum found in the neuron cell body and larger dendrites. |
| What's another name for Nissl bodies? | chromatophilic substance |
| What is the most active and best developed endoplasmic reticulum in the body? | Nissl bodies or chromatophilic substance |
| The neuron cell body has ______ nucleus with a _______. | spherical, nucleolus |
| Some cell bodies contain ______. | pigments |
| In most neuron cell bodies, the membrane of the neuron functions as a ______ surface. | receptive |
| Where are most neuron cell bodies located? | central nervous system |
| What are nuclei? | clusters of neuron cell bodies in the central nervous system |
| What are neuron processes? | arm like processes that extend from the body |
| The _______ nervous system contains both cell bodies and processes. | central |
| The _______ nervous system contains chiefly neuron processes. | peripheral |
| What are tracts? | bundles of neuron processes in central nervous system |
| What are nerves? | bundles of neuron processes peripheral nervous system |
| What are the two types of processes? | Dendrites and axons |
| Where are dendrites located? | In motor neurons |
| In motor neurons, _______ are hundreds of short, tapering , diffusely branched processes. | Dendrites |
| In motor neurons, _______ have the same organelles as the cell body. | dendrites |
| Dendrites are the _____ region of neuron. | receptive (input) |
| Dendrites convey incoming messages toward cell body as _____ ______. | graded potentials |
| What are graded potentials? | short distance signals |
| In many brain areas, fine dendrites are specialized to collect information with ______ ______. | dendritic spines |
| What are dendritic spines? | appendages with bulbous or spiky ends |
| _____ per cell arises from the _____ ______. | one, axon hillock |
| What is an axon hillock? | cone-shaped area of the cell body |
| In some neurons, the ______ is short or absent. In others, the _____ length takes up most of the cell. The ______ can be a meter long. (same answer for all) | axon |
| Long axons are called ______ ______. | nerve fibers |
| What are axon collaterals? | occasional branches |
| Distal endings are called ______ ______ or ______ ______. | axon terminals, terminal boutons |
| The axon generates _____ ______. | nerve impulses |
| The axon transmits nerve impulses along the ______ to the ______ ______. | axolemma, axon terminals |
| The axon terminals is the ______ region. | secretory |
| What do axon terminals do? | Release neurotransmitters to 'talk' to the next cell in the chain |
| Axon terminals can only release neurotransmitters to another _______, a _______, or _______ cell. | neurons, muscle, gland |
| _______ are released into the synapse. | neurotransmitters |
| What is the synapse? | extracellular space |
| Neurotransmitters either ______ or _______ neurons that the axon is in close contact with. | excite, inhibit |
| What does it mean when a neurotransmitter is excitatory? | The neurotransmitters will make a target neuron more likely to fire an action potential. |
| What does it mean when a neurotransmitter is inhibitory? | The neurotransmitters will make a target neuron less likely to fire an action potential. |
| _____ _____ carry on many conversations with different neurons at the same time. | axon terminals |
| The ______ lacks the rough endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus. | axon |
| The axon relies on the cell body to renew ______ and ______. | proteins, membranes |
| The axon has efficient ______ mechanisms. | transport |
| The ______ quickly decays if cut or damaged. | axon |
| What is the myelin sheath? | segmented sheath around most long or large diameter axons |
| What is myelin? | whitish, protein-lipoid substance |
| What is the function of myelin? | it keeps ions in |
| The _______ _______ protects and electrically insulates the axon. | myelin sheath |
| The ______ _______ increases speed of nerve impulse transmission. | myelin sheath |
| Myelination in the peripheral nervous system is formed by ______ ______. | schwann cells |
| ______ ______ wrap around the axon in a jelly roll fashion. | schwann cells |
| One ______ ______ forms one segment of the myelin sheath. | schwann cell |
| ______ ______ is concentric layers of Schwann cell plasma that surrounds the axon. | myelin sheath |
| What is the outer collar of perinuclear cytoplasm (formally called neurilemma)? | peripheral bulge of schwann cell containing the nucleus and most of the cytoplasm |
| _______ _______ of myelinating cells have less protein. | plasma membranes |
| In the peripheral nervous system, the plasma membrane of myelinating cells has no _______ or _______. | channels, carriers |
| In the peripheral nervous system, the _______ ______ of myelinating cells has good electrical insulators. | plasma membrane |
| In which nervous system do plasma membranes of myelinating cells have less protein? | peripheral nervous system |
| What are myelin sheath gaps? | gaps between adjacent schwann cells |
| ______ ______ _______ are sites where axon collaterals can emerge. | myelin sheath gaps |
| What were myelin sheath gaps formerly called? | nodes of Ranvier |
| What are nonmyelinated fibers? | thin fibers not wrapped in myelin |
| ______ _______ are surrounded by schwann cells but no coiling. | nonmyelinated fibers |
| In the peripheral nervous system, one schwann cell may surround 15 different _____ _____. | nonmyelinated fibers |
| Myelin sheaths in the central nervous system are formed by multiple, flat processes of _______, not whole cells. | oligodendrocytes |
| Myelin sheaths in the ______ nervous system can wrap up to 60 axons at once. | central |
| The myelin sheath gap is present in both the central and peripheral nervous system. True or False | True |
| In the central nervous system, there is an outer collar of perinuclear cytoplasm. True or False | False |
| In the central nervous system, the thinnest fibers are _______. | unmyelinated |
| The _____ fibers are covered by long extensions of adjacent neuroglia. | thinnest |
| What is white matter? | regions of brain and spinal cord with dense collections of myelinated fibers |
| What is gray matter? | mostly neuron cell bodies and nonmyelinated fibers |
| ______ is required to separate charges across a membrane. | energy |
| ______ charges attract each other. | opposite |
| Energy is ______ when the charges move toward one another. | liberated |
| If opposite charges are separated, the system has ______ energy. | potential |
| Neurons are highly _______. | excitable |
| What is an adequate stimulus? | threshold |
| Neurons respond to adequate stimulus by generating an ______ ______. | action potential |
| What is an action potential? | nerve impulse |
| The _____ _____ of a single neuron is always the same strength regardless of stimulus. | action potential |
| Different neurons can have different _____ _____ strengths. | action potential |
| The speed of _____ _____ repetition can code for the intensity of experience. | action potential |
| Nerve signaling depends on _____ _____. | ion channels |
| _____ _____ serve as selective membrane ion channels. | large proteins |
| What are the two main types of ion channels? | leakage (nongated) and gated |
| ______ ion channels are always open. | leakage |
| In ______ ion channels, part of the protein changes shape to open or close the channel. | gated |
| What are three types of gated channels? | chemically gated (ligand-gated), voltage-gated, and mechanically (stretch) gated |
| _____ _____ channels open with the binding of a specific neurotransmitter. | chemically gated |
| _____ ______ channels open and close in response to changes in membrane potential. | voltage gated |
| _____ _____ channels open and close in response to physical deformation of receptors as in sensory receptors. | mechanically gated |
| When gated channels are open, ions diffuse quickly across membrane along ________ ________. | electrochemical gradients |
| What does it mean if an ion diffuses along an electrochemical gradient? | The ion is going from a higher concentration to a lower concentration and toward the opposite electrical charge. |
| What is the resting membrane potential? | the potential difference across the membrane of a resting cell |
| What is the resting membrane potential of neurons on the cytoplasmic side? | approximately -70mV |
| The membrane of neurons is termed as _______. | polarized |
| The ______ ______ _______ is generated by differences in the ionic makeup of intracellular fluid and extracellular fluid. | resting membrane potential |
| The ______ _______ ______ is generated by the differential permeability of the plasma membrane. | resting membrane potential |
| Extracellular fluid has a higher concentration of ______ than intracellular fluid. (type of ion) | Na+ |
| The extracellular fluid is balanced chiefly by _____. (type of ion) | Cl- |
| Intracellular fluid has a higher concentration of _____ than extracellular fluid. (type of ion) | K+ |
| The intracellular fluid is balanced by _______ _______ _______. | negatively charged proteins |
| The membrane is impermeable to ______ ______ ______. | large anionic proteins |
| The membrane is slightly permeable to ______ through leakage channels. (type of ion) | Na+ |
| ______ diffuses into the cell down concentration gradient. | sodium |
| The membrane is 25 times more permeable to _____ than _____ because there are more leakage channels. (types of ions) | Na+, K+ |
| ______ diffuses out of the cell down concentration gradient. | potassium |
| The membrane is quite permeable to _____. (type of ion) | Cl- |
| In the membrane, more ______ diffuses out than ______ diffuses in. | potassium, sodium |
| Is the cell more negative or more positive on the inside? | more negative |
| The differences in potassium and sodium diffusion establishes _____ _____ _____. | resting membrane potential |
| The ______-______ ______ stabilizes resting membrane potential. | sodium-potassium pump |
| The _____-______ _______ maintains concentration gradients for Na+ and K+. | sodium-potassium pump |
| The sodium potassium pumps ____ Na+ out of the cell and pumps ____ K+ into the cell. | three, two |
| Membrane potential changes are use as ______ ______. | communication signals |
| ______ ______ ______ when concentrations of ions across membrane change. | membrane potential changes |
| What are two types of signals that membrane potential changes? | graded potentials and action potentials |
| Membrane potential changes can produce ______ ______ which are incoming signals operating over short distances. | graded potentials |
| Membrane potential changes can produce ______ ______ which are long distance signals of axons. | action potentials |
| ______ ______ ______ are used as signals to receive, integral, and send information. | membrane potential changes |
| What is depolarization? | a decrease in membrane potential (toward zero and above) |
| When ______ occurs, the inside of the membrane becomes less negative than resting membrane potential. | depolarization |
| Does depolarization or hyperpolarization result in the increased probability of producing a nerve impulse? | depolarization |
| What is hyperpolarization? | an increase in membrane potential (away from zero) |
| When ______ occurs, the inside of the cell becomes more negative than resting membrane potential. | hyperpolarization |
| Does depolarization or hyperpolarization reduce the probability of producing a nerve impulse? | hyperpolarization |
| ______ potentials are mainly on dendrites. | graded |
| ______ potentials are short-lived, localized changes in membrane potential. | graded |
| When there is a stronger ______, there are more voltage changes and farther current flows. | stimulus |
| Can graded potentials only produce depolarization, only produce polarization, or can they produce both? | both depolarization and polarization |
| _____ potentials are triggered by stimulus that opens gated ion channels. | graded |
| ______ potentials dissipate quickly and decays. | graded |
| ______ potentials are signals only over short distances. | graded |
| ______ potentials are mainly on axons. | action |
| ______ potentials are the principle way that neurons send signals. | action |
| ______ potentials are the principal means of long-distance neural communication. | action |
| ______ potentials only occur in muscle cells and the axons of neurons. | action |
| ______ potentials create a brief reversal of membrane potential; with a change in voltage of ~100 mV. | action |
| _____ potentials do not decay over distance. | action |
| Each _____ channel has two voltage sensitive gates. (type of ion) | Na+ |
| ______ gates are closed at rest. | activation |
| ______ gates open with depolarization allowing Na+ to enter the cell. | activation |
| ______ gates are open at rest. | inactivation |
| ______ gates block the channel once it is open to prevent more Na+ from entering cell. | inactivation |
| Each _____ channel has one voltage sensitive gate. (type of ion) | K+ |
| _____ channels are closed at rest. (type of ion) | K+ |
| _____ channels open slowly with depolarization. (type of ion) | K+ |
| In the ______ state, all gated Na+ and K+ channels are closed. | resting |
| In the ______ state, only leakage changes for Na+ and K+ are open which maintains the resting membrane potential. | resting |
| In the ______ phase, ______ local currents open voltage gated Na+ channels which results in Na+ rushing into the cell. (same answer for both) | depolarizing |
| In the ______ phase, Na+ influx causes more _____ which opens more Na+ channels making intracellular fluid less negative. (same answer for both) | depolarizing |
| In the ______ phase, at the threshold positive feedback causes opening of all Na+ channels which causes a reversal of membrane polarity to +30mV and a spike of action potential. | depolarizing |
| In the ______ phase, the Na+ channel's inactivation gates slowly close. | repolarizing |
| In the ______ phase, membrane permeability to Na+ declines to resting state and the action potential spike stops rising. | repolarizing |
| In the _______ phase, voltage-gated K+ channels slowly open causing K+ to exit the cell and the internal negativity to be restored. | repolarizing |
| In the ______ phase, some K+ channels remain open, allowing excessive K+ efflux making the inside of the membrane more negative than the resting state. | hyperpolarization |
| In the _____ phase, there is a _____ of the membrane, meaning a slight dip below the resting voltage. (same answer for both) | hyperpolarization |
| In the _____ phase, Na+ channels begin to reset. | hyperpolarization |
| What is the order of the events that generate an action potential? | 1. resting state: no ions move through voltage-gated channels 2. depolarization: caused b Na+ flowing into the cell 3. repolarization: caused by K+ flowing out of the cell 4. hyperpolarization: caused by K+ continuing to leave the cell |
| Does repolarization reset electrical conditions or ionic conditions? | electrical conditions |
| After repolarization, _____-_____ pumps restore ionic conditions. | sodium-potassium |
| Do all depolarization events produce action potentials? | No |
| For an axon to "fire", depolarization must reach _____. | threshold |
| What is a threshold? | The voltage at which the action potential is triggered. |
| At ____, the membrane has been depolarized by 15 to 20 mV. | threshold |
| Na+ permeability increases at _____. | threshold |
| At _____, the Na+ influx exceeds K+ efflux. | threshold |
| The positive feedback cycle begins _____. | threshold |
| What is the all-or-none phenomenon? | an action potential happening completely or it not happening at all |
| _____ allows an action potential to serve as a signaling device. | propagation |
| In the propagation of an action potential, what causes local currents? (type of ion) | Na+ |
| In the _______ of a(n) ______ ______, local currents cause depolarization of adjacent membrane areas in direction away from the action potential origin and toward the axon's terminals. | propagation, action potential |
| In the propagation of an action potential, do local currents trigger an action potential at the axon's terminals? | Yes |
| In the propagation of an action potential, does the action potential propagate towards the action potential origin? | No, it propagates AWAY. |
| True or False: Since Na+ channels closer to the action potential origin are inactivated, no new action potential is generated there. | True |
| True or False: Once initiated an action potential is self propagating. | True |
| Once the action potential is initiated, each successive segment of membrane depolarizes, then repolarizes in _______ axons. | nonmyelinated |
| True or False: Propagation in myelinated axons is the same in nonmyelinated axons. | False, they differ |
| True or False: All action potentials are completely different. | False, they are alike |
| True or False: All action potentials are independent of stimulus intensity. | True |
| How does the central nervous system tell the difference between a weak stimulus and a strong one? | The central nervous system determines stimulus intensity by the frequency of impulses. |
| True or False: Strong stimuli causes action potentials to occur more frequently. | True |
| Higher frequency means ____ stimulus. | stronger |
| True or False: When voltage-gated Na+ channels open the neuron cannot respond to another stimulus. | True |
| What is the absolute refractory period? | the time from the opening of Na+ channels until the resetting of the channels |
| The ______ ______ ______ ensures that each action potential is an all or none event. | absolute refractory period |
| The _____ ______ ______ enforces one way transmission of nerve impulses. | absolute refractory period |
| What follows the absolute refractory period? | relative refractory period |
| After the absolute refractory period, most ____ channels have returned to their resting state. | Na+ |
| After the absolute refractory period, some ____ channels are still open. | K+ |
| After the absolute refractory period, what is still occurring? | repolarization |
| During the relative refractory period, the _____ for action potential generation is elevated. | threshold |
| During the relative refractory period, the inside of the membrane is more ______ than the resting state. | negative |
| True or False: During the relative refractory period, a weak stimulus could stimulate an action potential. | False. Only an exceptionally strong stimulus could stimulate an action potential during the relative refractory period. |
| True or False: Conduction velocities of neurons vary widely. | True |
| What two things does the rate of action potential propagation depend on? | axon diameter and degree of myelination |
| True or False: Larger diameter fibers have less resistance to local current flow so there is faster impulse conduction. | True |
| What is the degree of myelination? | when continuous conduction in nonmyelinated axons is slower than the saltatory conduction in myelinated axons |
| _____ _____ insulate and prevent leakage of charge. | myelin sheaths |
| Saltatory conduction is only possible in ______ axons. | myelinated |
| Voltage-gated Na+ channels are located at _____ _____ _____. | myelin sheath gaps |
| Action potentials are generated only at myelin sheath _____. | gaps |
| Myelination causes ______ conduction which is about 30 times faster. | saltatory |
| The _____ ______ in saltatory conduction appears to jump rapidly from gap to gap. | electrical signal |
| What is multiple sclerosis? | an autoimmune disease affecting primarily young adults |
| What causes multiple sclerosis? | the immune system destroying myelin in the central nervous system and turning it into scleroses |
| What are sclerosis? | hardened lesions |
| _____ _____ causes impulse conduction slows and eventually ceases. | multiple sclerosis |
| _____ _____ causes demyelinated axons to increase Na+ channels. | multiple sclerosis |
| What does the increase Na+ channels caused by demyelinated axons cause? | cycles of relapse and remission |
| True or False: Visual disturbances are a symptom of multiple sclerosis. | True |
| True or False: Audio hallucinations are a symptom of multiple sclerosis. | False |
| True or False: Weakness is a symptom of multiple sclerosis. | True |
| True or False: Jaundice is a symptom of multiple sclerosis. | False |
| True or False: Loss of muscular control is a symptom of multiple sclerosis. | True |
| True or False: Gingivitis is a symptom of multiple sclerosis. | False |
| True or False: Speech disturbances are a symptom of multiple sclerosis. | True |
| True or False: Loss of taste is a symptom of multiple sclerosis. | False |
| True or False: Urinary incontinence is a symptom of multiple sclerosis. | True |
| True or False: Hair loss is a symptom of multiple sclerosis. | False |
| What is the treatment for multiple sclerosis? | drugs that modify immune system activity |
| What prevents multiple sclerosis? | high blood levels of vitamin D |
| The _____ system works because information flows from neuron to neuron. | nervous |
| Neurons are functionally connected by ______. | synapses |
| What are synapses? | junctions that mediate information transfer |
| What is the function of a presynaptic neuron? | it sends the information |
| The ______ ______ conducts impulses towards the synapse. | presynaptic neuron |
| What is the function of the postsynaptic neuron? | it receives the information |
| The _____ _____ transmits the electrical signal away from the synapse. | postsynaptic neuron |
| True or False: Most neurons can function as both presynaptic neurons and postsynaptic neurons. | True |
| _____ synapses are less common than _____ synapses. | Electrical, chemical |
| _____ synapses join neurons by gap junctions that connect cytoplasm of adjacent neurons. | Electrical |
| With _____ synapses, communication is very rapid. | electrical |
| _____ synapses may be unidirectional or bidirectional. | Electrical |
| _____ synapses synchronize activity. | Electrical |
| Electrical synapses are abundant in what kind of tissue? | embryonic nervous tissue |
| With electrical synapses, the nerve impulse remains ______. | electrical |
| Chemical synapses are specialized for release and reception of what kind of neurotransmitters? | chemical |
| How many parts are chemical synapses composed of? | two |
| The axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron and the neurotransmitter receptor region on postsynaptic neuron's membrane are parts of what kind of synapse? | chemical |
| In chemical synapses the axon terminal of the presynaptic neuron contains _____ _____ filled with neurotransmitter. | synaptic vesicles |
| The chemical synapse's neurotransmitter receptor region on the postsynaptic neuron's membrane is usually on the _____ or the _____ _____. | dendrite, cell body |
| The parts of the chemical synapse are separated the _____ _____. | synaptic cleft |
| With chemical synapses, a(n) ______ impulse changed to chemical across the synapse then back to ______. (same word) | electrical |
| The _____ _____ is 30 - 50 nm wide and prevents nerve impulses from directly passing from one neuron to the next. | synaptic cleft |
| Transmission across the synaptic cleft is a ______ event. | chemical |
| The ____ ____ ensures unidirectional communication between neurons. | synaptic cleft |
| Transmission across the _____ _____ depends on release, diffusion, and receptor binding of neurotransmitters. | synaptic cleft |
| For information to transfer across chemical synapses, action potential arrives at the axon terminal of the ______ ______. This causes voltage - gated _____ channels to open. | presynaptic cleft, Ca2+ |
| In the information transfer across a chemical synapses, _______ protein binds to Ca2+ and promotes the fusion of synaptic vesicles with the axon membrane. | synaptotagmin |
| _____ of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft occurs. | exocytosis |
| In the information transfer across a chemical synapse, the ______ diffuses across . | neurotransmitter |
| In the information transfer across a chemical synapse, the neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the ______ ______. | postsynaptic neuron |
| In the information transfer across a chemical synapse, ion channels are ______. This causes a(n) ______ or ______ event (_____ potential). The neurotransmitter effects are terminated. | opened, excitatory, inhibitory, graded |
| How many ways can neurotransmitter effects be terminated? | three |
| _____ terminates neurotransmitter effects by astrocytes or axon terminal. | reuptake |
| _____ terminates neurotransmitter effects by enzymes. | degradation |
| _____ terminates neurotransmitter effects away from the synaptic cleft. | diffusion |
| What is the synaptic delay? | the time needed for neurotransmitters to be released, diffuse across the synapse, and bind to receptors |
| _____ _____ is the rate-limiting step of neural transmission. | synaptic delay |
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