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CSA Chapter 14
Female Reproductive System and Obstetrics
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| -arche (suffix) | beginning |
| cervic/o | neck or cervix |
| colp/o | vagina (sheath) |
| episi/o | vulva (covering) |
| gynec/o | woman |
| hyster/o | uterus |
| lact/o | milk |
| mamm/o | breast |
| mast/o | breast |
| men/o | menstruation, menses |
| metro/o | uterus |
| obstetro/o | midwife |
| oo- | egg, ovary |
| oophor/o | ovary |
| ov/i | egg |
| ov/o | egg |
| ovari/o | ovary |
| pelv/i | pelvis (basin) ; hip bone |
| salping/o | uterine (fallopian) tube; also, Eustachian tube |
| toc/o | labor or birth |
| uter/o | uterus |
| vagin/o | vagina (sheath) |
| vulv/o | vulva (covering) |
| uterus | womb; a pear-shaped organ in the pelvic cavity in which the embryo and fetus develops |
| fundus | upper portion of the uterus above the entry to the uterine tubes |
| endometrium | lining of the uterus, which is shed approximately every 28 to 30 days in a nonpregnant female during menstruation |
| myometrium | muscular wall of the uterus |
| uterine tubes | tubes extending from each side of the uterus toward the ovary that provide a passage for ova to the uterus; also called Fallopian tubes |
| fallopian tubes | tubes extending from each side of the uterus toward the ovary that provide a passage for ova to the uterus; also called uterine tubes |
| adnexa | uterine tubes and ovaries (uterine appendages) |
| right uterine appendage | right uterine tube and ovary |
| left uterine appendage | left uterine tube and ovary |
| ovary | one of two glands located on each side of the pelvic cavity that produce oocytes and female sex hormones |
| oocyte | female gamete (sex cells); when fertilized by a sperm, it develops into an ovum and its capable of developing into a new individual |
| ovum | imprecise term for a fertilized oocyte that is capable of implanting within the uterine wall |
| cervix | neck of the uterus |
| cervical os | opening of the cervix to the uterus |
| vagina | tubular passageway from the cervix to the outside of the body |
| vulva | external genitalia of the female; term means "wrapper" |
| labia | folds of tissue on either side of the vaginal opening; known as the labia majora and labia minora |
| mons pubis | rounded mound of fatty tissue that covers the pubic bone |
| clitoris | female erectile tissue in the anterior portion of the vulva |
| hymen | fold of mucous membrane that encircles the entrance to the vagina |
| vaginal orifice | opening of the vagina; also called introitus |
| introitus | opening of the vagina; also called vaginal orifice |
| greater vestibular glands | two glands located on either side of the vaginal opening that secrete a lubricant during intercourse; also called Bartholin glands |
| Bartholin glands | two glands located on either side of the vaginal opening that secrete a lubricant during intercourse; also called greater vestibular glands |
| perineum | region between the vulva and anus |
| breasts | protruding organs that contained the modified sweat glands called mammary glands that produce milk. |
| mammary glands | two glands in the female breasts ( one in each breast) that are capable of producing milk |
| nipple | projection (mammary papilla) on the breast surface through which milk can be secreted; lactiferous ducts carry breast milk to the nipple and lactiferous sinuses are expanded chambers that converge on the nipple surface |
| areola | dark-pigmented area around the nipple |
| embryo | the developing organism from fertilization to the end of the eight week |
| fetus | the developing organism from the ninth week to birth |
| placenta | vascular organ that develops in the uterine wall during pregnancy to provide nourishment for the fetus (placenta=cake) |
| amnion | innermost of the membranes surrounding the embryo in the uterus, filled with amniotic fluid; also called amniotic sac |
| amniotic sac | innermost of the membranes surrounding the embryo in the uterus, filled with amniotic fluid; also called amnion |
| amniotic fluid | fluid within the amniotic sac that surrounds and protects the fetus |
| meconium | intestinal discharges of the fetus that form the first stools in the newborn |
| amenorrhea | absence of menstruation |
| dysmenorrhea | painful menstruation |
| oligomenorrhea | infrequent menstruation |
| anovulation | absence of ovulation |
| dyspareunia | painful intercourse (coitus) (dys = painful; para = alongside of; eunia = bed) |
| leukorrhea | abnormal white or yellow vaginal discharge |
| menorrhagia | excessive bleeding at the time of menstruation |
| metrorrhagia | bleeding from the uterus at any time other than normal menstruation |
| oligo-ovulation | irregular ovulation |
| cervicitis | inflammation of the cervix |
| congenital anomalies | birth defects that cause abnormal development of an organ or a structure (e.g., double uterus or absent vagina); also called congenital irregularities |
| congenital irregularities | birth defects that cause abnormal development of an organ or a structure (e.g., double uterus or absent vagina); also called congenital anomalies |
| dermoid cyst | congenital tumor composed of displaced embryonic tissue (teeth, bone, cartilage, and hair); typically found in an ovary and usually benign |
| displacement of uterus | displacement of the uterus from its normal position |
| anteflexion | abnormal forward bending of the uterus (ante = before; flexus = bend) |
| retroflexion | abnormal backward bending of the uterus |
| retroversion | backward turn of the whole uterus; also called tipped uterus |
| endometriosis | condition characterized by migration of portions of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity |
| endometritis | inflammation of the endometrium |
| fibroid | benign tumor in the uterus composed of smooth muscle and fibrous connective tissue; also called fibromyoma or leiomyoma |
| fibromyoma | benign tumor in the uterus composed of smooth muscle and fibrous connective tissue |
| leiomyoma | benign tumor in the uterus composed of smooth muscle and fibrous connective tissue |
| fistula | abnormal passage, such as from one hollow organ to another (fistula= pipe) |
| rectovaginal fistula | abnormal opening between the vagina and rectum |
| vesicovaginal fistula | abnormal opening between the bladder and the vagina |
| cervical neoplasia | abnormal development of cervical tissue cells |
| cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) | potentially cancerous abnormality of epithelial tissue of the cervix, graded according to the extent of abnormal cell formation: CIN-1: mild dysplasia CIN-2: moderate dysplasia CIN-3: severe dysplasia |
| cervical dysplasia | potentially cancerous abnormality of epithelial tissue of the cervix, graded according to the extent of abnormal cell formation: CIN-1: mild dysplasia CIN-2: moderate dysplasia CIN-3: severe dysplasia |
| carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the cervix | malignant cell changes of the cervix that are localized, without any spread to adjacent structures |
| menopause | Cessation of menstrual periods caused by lack of ovarian hormones |
| oophoritis | inflammation of one or both ovaries |
| parovarian cyst | cyst of the uterine tube (fallopian tube) |
| pelvic adhesions | scarring of tissue within the pelvic cavity resulting from endometriosis, infection, or injury |
| pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) | inflammation of organs in the pelvic cavity; usually includes the fallopian tubes, ovaries, and endometrium; most often caused by bacteria |
| pelvic floor relaxation | relaxation of supportive ligaments of the pelvic organs |
| cystocle | pouching of the bladder into the vagina |
| rectocele | pouching of the rectum into the vagina |
| enterocele | pouching sac of peritoneum between the vagina and the rectum |
| urethrocele | pouching of the urethra into the vagina |
| prolaspe | descent of the uterus down the vaginal canal |
| salpingitis | inflammation of a fallopian tube |
| vaginitis | inflammation of the vagina with redness, swelling, and irritation; often caused by a specific organism, such as Candida (yeast) or Trichomonas (a sexually transmitted parasite) |
| atrophic vaginitis | thinning of the vagina and loss of moisture because of depletion of estrogen, which causes inflammation of tissue |
| vaginosis | infection of the vagina, with little or no inflammation, characterized by a milk-like discharge and an unpleasant odor; also known as nonspecific vaginitis |
| chlamydia | most common sexually transmitted bacterial infection in North America; often occurs with no symptoms and is treated only after it has spread, such as after causing pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) |
| gonorrhea | contagious inflammation of the genital mucous membranes caused by invasion of the gonococcus Neisseria gonorrhoeae; the term refers to the urethral discharge characteristic of the infection, which was first thought to be a leakage or semen |
| syphilis | infectious disease caused by a spirochete transmitted via direct, intimate contact and that may involve any organ or tissue over time; usually manifests first on the skin |
| hepatitis B virus (HBV) | virus that causes inflammation of the liver; transmitted through any body fluid, including vaginal secretions, semen, and blood |
| herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) | virus that causes ulcer-like lesions of the genital and anorectal skin and mucosa; after initial infection, the virus lies dormant in the nerve cell root and may recur at times of stress |
| human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) | the virus that causes acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), permitting various opportunistic infections, malignancies, and neurologic diseases; contracted through exposure to contaminated blood or body fluid (e.g., semen or vaginal secretions) |
| human papillomavirus (HPV) | virus transmitted by direct sexual contact; infection can manifest of the skin or mucous membranes of the genitals |
| condyloma acuminatum (pl. condylomata acuminata) | lesion that appears as a result of human papilloma virus; on the skin, lesions appear as cauliflower-like warts, and on mucous membranes, they have a flat appearance; also known as venereal or genital warts |
| adenocarcinoma of the breast | malignant tumor of glandular breast tissue |
| amastia | absence of a breast |
| fibrocystic breasts | benign condition of the breast consisting of fibrous and cystic changes that render the tissue more dense; patient feels painful lumps that fluctuate with menstrual periods |
| gynecomastia | development of mammary glands in the male caused by altered hormone levels |
| hypermastia | abnormally large breasts; also called macromastia |
| abnormally large breasts; also called hypermastia | |
| hypomastia | unusually small breasts; also called micromastia |
| micromastia | unusually small breasts; also called hypomastia |
| mastitis | inflammation of the breast; most commonly occurs in women who are breastfeeding |
| polymastia | presence of more than two breasts |
| polythelia | presence of more than one nipple on a breast, also called supernumerary nipple |
| supernumerary nipples | presence of more than one nipple on a breast; also called polythelia |
| biopsy (Bx) | removal of tissue for microscopic pathologic examination |
| aspiration biopsy | needle draw of tissue or fluid from a cavity for cytologic examination; also called needle biopsy |
| needle biopsy | needle draw of tissue or fluid from a cavity for cytologic examination; also called aspiration biopsy |
| endoscopic biopsy | removal of a specimen for biopsy during an endoscopic procedure (e.g. colposcopy) |
| excisional biopsy | removal of an entire lesion for microscopic examination |
| incisional biopsy | removal of a suspicious tissue for microscopic examination (e.g., cervical or endometrial biopsy) |
| stereotactic breast biopsy | use of x-ray imaging, a specialized stereotactic frame, and a computer to calculate, precisely locate, and direct a needle into a breast lesion to remove a core specimen for biopsy |
| sentinel node breast biopsy | biopsy of the sentinel node (the first lymph node to receive lymphatic drainage from a tumor) in a breast with early cancer to determine metastases and, if no malignancy is found, to avoid the extensive removal of axillary nodes, which causes lymphedema |
| colposcopy | examination of the vagina and cervix using a colposcope, a specialized microscope which often has a camera attachment for photographs; used to document finding s and for follow-up treatments |
| hysteroscopy | use of a hysteroscope to examine the intrauterine cavity for assessment of abnormalities |
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | use of nonionizing images to detect gynecologic conditions (pelvis or soft breast tissue anomalies) cancer, tumors arising from endometrium of the cervix |
| Papanicolaou "Pap" Smear | study of cells collected from the cervix to screen for cancer and other abnormalities |
| hysterosalpingogram | x-ray of the uterus and fallopian tubes using a contrast medium to determine the patency (openness) |
| radiography | x-ray imaging |
| mammogram | x-ray (low-dose) of the breast tissue to detect neoplasm |
| pelvic sonography | ultrasound imaging of the female pelvis |
| endovaginal sonogram | Ultrasound image of the uterus, tubes, and ovaries made w/ ultrasonic transducer within the vagina to detect conditions such as ectopic pregnancy or missed abortion; also Transvaginal Sonogram |
| transvaginal sonogram | ultrasound image of the uterus, tubes, and ovaries made with the ultrasonic transducer within the vagina to detect conditions such as ectopic pregnancy or missed abortion ; also endovaginal sonogram |
| sonohysterogram | transvaginal sonographic image made as sterile saline is injected into the uterus; used to assess uterine pathology or to determine tubal patency ; also hysterosonogram and saline infusion sonogram |
| hysterosonogram | transvaginal sonographic image made as sterile saline is injected into the uterus; used to assess uterine pathology or to determine tubal patency; also sonohysterogram and saline infusion sonogram |
| saline infusion sonogram | transvaginal sonographic image made as sterile saline is injected into the uterus; used to assess uteamrine pathology or to determine tubal patency ; also sonohysterogram and hysterosonogram |
| transabdominal sonogram | ultrasound image of the lower abdomen, including the bladder, uterus, tubes, and ovaries, to detect conditions such as cysts and tumors |
| adhesiolysis | breaking down or severing of pelvic adhesions ; also adhesiotomy |
| adhesiotomy | breaking down or severing of pelvic adhesions ; also adhesiolysis |
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alexandramila
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