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CSA Chapter 10
Respiratory System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| alveol/o | alveolus, air sac |
| bronch/o | bronchus, airway |
| bronchi/o | bronchus, airway |
| bronchiol/o | bronchiole (little airway) |
| capn/o | carbon dioxide |
| carb/o | carbon dioxide |
| layng/o | larynx (voice box) |
| lob/o | lobe (a portion) |
| nas/o | nose |
| or/o | mouth |
| ox/o | Oxygen |
| palat/o | palate |
| pector/o | chest |
| pharyng/o | pharynx (throat) |
| phren/o | diaphragm; mind |
| pleur/o | pleura (lining of lungs) |
| -pnea | breathing |
| pneum/o | lung, air |
| pneumon/o | lung, air |
| pulmon/o | lung |
| rhin/o | nose |
| sinus/o | sinus, cavity |
| spir/o | breathing |
| steth/o | chest |
| thorac/o | chest |
| tonsill/o | tonsils |
| trache/o | trachea, windpipe |
| uvul/o | uvula |
| nose | structure that warms, moistens, and filters air as it enters the respiratory tract; also houses the olfactory receptors for the sense of smell |
| paranasal sinuses | air-filled space in the skull that opens into the nasal cavities |
| palate | roof of the mouth; partition between the oral and nasal cavities; divided into the hard and soft palate |
| hard palate | bony anterior (front) portion of the palate |
| soft palate | muscular posterior (back) portion of the palate |
| Pharynx | throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx |
| nasopharynx | part of the pharynx directly behind the nasal passages |
| oropharynx | central portion of the pharynx between the roof of the mouth and the upper edge of the epiglottis |
| laryngopharynx | lower part of the pharynx, just below the oropharyngeal opening into the larynx and esophagus |
| tonsils | oval lymphatic tissues on each side of the pharynx that filter air to protect the body from bacterial invasion; also called palatine tonsils |
| adenoid | lymphatic tissue on the back of the pharynx behind the nose; also called pharyngeal tonsil |
| uvula | small projection hanging from the back middle edge of the soft palate |
| Larynx | voice box; passageway for air moving from pharynx to trachea; contains vocal cords |
| glottis | opening between the vocal cords in the larynx |
| Epiglottis | a lid-like structure that covers the larynx during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airway |
| carina | Cartilaginous ridge at the point where the trachea divides into two (right & left) bronchi |
| Trachea | windpipe; passageway for air from the larynx to the area of the carina, where it splits into the right and left bronchi in the lungs |
| bronchial tree | branched airways that lead from the trachea to the microscopic air sacs called alveoli |
| right bronchus and left bronchus | two primary airways branching from the area of the carina into the lungs |
| Bronchioles | progressively smaller tubular branches of the airways |
| Alveoli | thin-walled, microscopic air sacs that exchange gases |
| lungs | two spongy organs, located in the thoracic cavity enclosed by the diaphragm and rib cage, responsible for respiration |
| Lobes | subdivisions of the lung, with two on the left and three on the right |
| pleura | membranes enclosing the lung (visceral pleura) and lining the thoracic cavity (parietal pleura) |
| pleural cavity | potential space between the visceral and parietal layers of the pleura |
| Diaphragm | muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and aids in respiration by moving up and down |
| Mediastinum | partition that separates the thorax into two compartments (containing the right and left lungs) and that encloses the heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus gland |
| mucous membrane | thin sheets of tissue that line respiratory passages and secrete mucus, a viscid (sticky) fluid |
| Cilia | Hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion |
| parenchyma | functional tissues of any organ, such as the tissues of the bronchioles, alveoli, ducts, and sacs, that perform respiration |
| eupnea | normal breathing |
| Bradynea | slow breathing |
| Tachypnea | fast breathing |
| hypopnea | shallow breathing |
| hyperpnea | deep breathing |
| dyspnea | difficulty breathing |
| apnea | inability to breathe |
| orthopnea | ability to breathe only in an upright position |
| Cheyne-Stokes respiration | pattern of breathing characterized by a gradual increase of depth and sometimes rate to a maximum level, followed by a decrease, resulting in apnea |
| crackles | popping sounds heard on auscultation of the lung when air enters diseased airways and alveoli; occurs in disorders such as bronchiectasis or atelectasis; also called rales |
| rales | popping sounds heard on auscultation of the lung when air enters diseased airways and alveoli; occurs in disorders such as bronchiectasis or atelectasis; also called crackles |
| wheezes | high-pitched, musical sounds heard on auscultation of the lung as air flows through a narrowed airway; occurs in disorders such as asthma or emphysema |
| rhonchi | sound w/ a musical pitch during inhale/exhale heard on the chest caused by air passing through narrowed bronchi/due to mucus buildup; if low-pitched it is sonorous rhonchus; if high-pitched w/ a whistle/squeaky quality it is sibilant rhonchus |
| stridor | high-pitched, crowing sound that occurs with an obstruction in the upper airway (trachea or larynx) |
| caseous necrosis | degeneration and death of tissue with a cheese-like appearance |
| cyanosis | bluish coloration of the skin caused by a deficient amount of oxygen in the blood |
| dysphonia | hoarseness (phon/o = voice or sound) |
| epistaxis | nosebleed (epi = upon; stazo = to drip) |
| expectoration | coughing up and spitting out of material from the lungs |
| sputum | material expelled from the lungs by coughing |
| hemoptysis | coughing up and spitting out blood that originates in the lungs (ptysis = to spit) |
| hypercapnia | excessive level of carbon dioxide in the blood (capno = smoke; carbo = coal); also called hypercarbia |
| hypercarbia | excessive level of carbon dioxide in the blood (capno = smoke; carbo = coal); also called hypercapnia |
| hyperventilation | excessive movement of air into and out of the lungs, causing hypocapnia |
| hypocapnia | deficient level of carbon dioxide in the blood; also called hypocarbia |
| hypocarbia | deficient level of carbon dioxide in the blood; also called hypocapnia |
| hypoventilation | deficient movement of air into and out of the lungs, causing hypercapnia |
| hypoxemia | deficient amount of oxygen in the blood |
| hypoxia | deficient amount of oxygen in tissue cells |
| obstructive lung disorder | condition blocking the flow of air moving out of the lungs |
| restrictive lung disorder | condition limiting the intake of air into the lungs |
| pulmonary edema | fluid filling the spaces around the alveoli and, eventually, flooding into the alveoli |
| pulmonary infiltrate | density on an x-ray image representing the consolidation of matter within the air spaces of the lungs, usually resulting from an inflammatory process |
| rhinorrhea | thin, watery discharge from the nose (runny nose) |
| asthma | panting; obstructive pulmonary disease caused by a spasm of the bronchial tubes or by swelling of the mucous membrane; characterized by paroxysmal (sudden, periodic) attacks of wheezing, dyspnea, and cough |
| atelectasis | abnormal dilation of the bronchi with accumulation of mucus |
| bronchitis | inflammation of the bronchi |
| bronchogenic carcinoma | lung cancer; cancer originating in the bronchi |
| bronchospasm | constriction of bronchi caused by spasm (involuntary contraction) of the peribronchial smooth muscle |
| emphysema | obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by overexpansion of the alveoli with air and destructive changes in their walls, resulting in loss of lung elasticity and decreased gas exchange (emphysan = to inflate) |
| chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | permanent, destructive pulmonary disorder that is a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema |
| cystic fibrosis | inherited condition of exocrine gland malfunction causing secretion of abnormally thick/sticky mucus that obstructs passageways within the body, commonly affecting the lungs/ digestive tract |
| laryngitis | inflammation of the larynx |
| laryngotracheobronchitis (LTB) | acute respiratory infection involving the larynx, trachea, and bronchi causing inflammation; creates a funnel-shaped elongation of tissue causing a distinct "seal bark" cough; referred to as croup in infants and young children |
| croup | acute respiratory infection in infants and young children involving the larynx, trachea, and bronchi causing inflammation; creates a funnel-shaped elongation of tissue causing a distinct ''seal bark'' cough |
| laryngospasm | spasm of the laryngeal muscles, causing a constriction |
| nasal polyposis | presence of numerous polyps in the nose (a polyp is a tumor on a stalk) |
| pharyngitis | inflammation of the pharynx |
| pleural effusion | accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity |
| empyema | accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity; also called pyothorax |
Created by:
alexandramila
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