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CSA Chapter 8
Blood and Lymphatic System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| blast/o | germ or bud |
| chrom/o | color |
| chromat/o | color |
| chyl/o | juice |
| cyt/o | cell |
| hem/o | blood |
| hemat/o | blood |
| immun/o | immune, resistant |
| lymph/o | clear fluid |
| morph/o | form |
| myel/o | bone marrow or spinal cord |
| phag/o | eat or swallow |
| plas/o | formation |
| reticul/o | a net |
| splen/o | spleen |
| thromb/o | clot |
| thym/o | thymus |
| plasma | liquid portion of the blood and lymph; contains water, proteins, and cellular components (i.e., white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets) |
| blood | circulating tissue of the body consisting of fluid with formed elements (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) suspended in the fluid |
| serum | liquid portion of the blood that remains after clotting |
| red blood cells (RBCs) | transport oxygen and carbon dioxide; also called erythrocyte |
| erythrocyte | transport oxygen and carbon dioxide; also called red blood cell |
| hemoglobin | the protein-iron compound in erythrocytes that transports oxygen and carbon dioxide |
| white blood cell | protects the body from harmful invading substances; also called leukocyte |
| leukocyte | protects the body from harmful invading substances; also called white blood cell |
| neutrophil | a granular leukocyte, named for the neutral stain of its granules that fights infection by swallowing bacteria (phagocytosis) (neutr= neither) (phil=attraction for); Normal Range (in stained blood smear): 54-75% |
| polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocyte | another term for neutrophil, referring to the many segments in its nucleus (poly= many; morpho=form; nucleus= kernel) |
| basophil | a granular leukocyte, named for the dark stain of its granules, that brings anticoagulant substances to inflamed tissues (baso=base; phil= attraction for); Normal Range (in stained blood smear): 0-1% |
| eosinophil | a granular leukocyte, named for the rose-colored stain of its granules, that increases in allergic and some infectious reactions (eos=dawn-colored [rosy]; phil= attraction for); Normal Range (in stained blood smear): 1-3% |
| agranulocytes | a group of leukocytes without granules in their nuclei |
| monocytes | an agranulocytic leukocyte that performs phagocytosis to fight infection (mono=one); Normal Range (in stained blood smear): 3-7% |
| lymphocytes | an agranulocytic leukocyte that is active in the process of immunity; the three categories of lymphocytes are T cells (thymus-dependent), B cells (bone marrow-derived), and natural killer (NK) cells; Normal Range (in stained blood smear): 25-33% |
| platelets | cell fragments in the blood that are essential for blood clotting (coagulation); also called thrombocytes |
| lymphatic system | Consists of lymph vessels, nodes, and tissues through which lymph drains into the blood |
| thymus | primary gland of the lymphatic system, located within the mediastinum, that helps to maintain the body's immune response by producing T lymphocytes |
| spleen | organ between the stomach and the diaphragm that filters out aging blood cells, removes cellular debris by phagocytosis, and provides an environment for lymphocytes to initiate immune responses |
| lymph | fluid that is circulated through the lymph vessels |
| lymph capillaries | microscopic vessels that draw lymph from tissues to the lymph vessels |
| lymph cessels | vessels that receive lymph from the lymph capillaries and circulate it to the lymph nodes; also called lymphatic vessels |
| lacteals | specialized lymph vessels in the small intestine that absorb fat into the bloodstream (lacteus=milky) |
| chyle | white or pale yellow substance in lymph that contains fatty substances absorbed by the lacteals |
| lymph nodes | many small, oval structures that filter lymph from the lymph vessels; major locations include the cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions |
| lymph ducts | collecting channels that carry lymph from the lymph nodes to the veins |
| right lymphatic duct | receives lymph from the right upper part of the body |
| thoracic duct | receives lymph from the left side of the head, neck, chest, abdomen, left arm, and lower extremities |
| immunity | process of disease protection induced by exposure to an antigen |
| antigen | a substance that, when introduced into the body, causes the formation of antibodies against it |
| antibody | a substance produced by the body that destroys or inactivates an antigen that has entered the body |
| active immunity | a long-lasting immunity that results from stimulating the body to produce its own antibodies; developed either naturally, in response to an infection, or artificially, in response to the administration of a vaccine |
| passive immunity | a short-lasting immunity that results from foreign antibodies that are conveyed either naturally, through the placenta to a fetus, or artificially, by injection of a serum containing antibodies |
| microcytosis | presence of small red blood cells |
| hypochromic | pale in color; lighter in color than normal |
| macrocytosis | presence of large red blood cells |
| anisocystosis | presence of red blood cells of unequal size (an = not, without; iso = equal) |
| poikilocytosis | presence of large, irregularly shaped red blood cells (poikilo= irregular) |
| reticulocytosis | an increased number of immature erythrocytes in the blood |
| erythropenia | an abnormally reduced number of red blood cells |
| lymphocytopenia | an abnormally reduced number of lymphocytes |
| neutropenia | a decreased number of neutrophils |
| pancytopenia | an abnormally reduced number of all cellular components in the blood |
| thrombocytopenia | an abnormally decreased number of platelets in the blood, impairing the clotting process |
| hemolysis | breakdown of the red blood cell membrane |
| immunocompromised | impaired immunologic defenses caused by an immunodeficiency disorder or by therapy with immunosuppressive agents |
| immunosuppression | impaired ability to provide an immune response |
| lymphadenopathy | enlarged (diseased) lymph nodes |
| splenomegaly | enlargement of the spleen |
| acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) | a syndrome caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that renders immune cells ineffective, permitting opportunistic infections, malignancies, and neurologic diseases to develop; transmitted sexually or through contaminated blood |
| anemia | a condition of reduced numbers of red blood cells, hemoglobin, or packed red cells in the blood, resulting in a diminished ability of red blood cells to transport oxygen to tissues |
| aplastic anemia | a normocytic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by the failure of bone marrow to produce red blood cells |
| iron deficiency anemia | a microcytic-hypochromic type of anemia characterized by a lack of iron that affects the production of hemoglobin and is characterized by small red blood cells containing low amounts of hemoglobin |
| pernicious anemia | a macrocytic-normochromic type of anemia characterized by an inadequate supply of vitamin B12, causing red blood cells to become large, varied in shape, and reduced in number |
| autoimmune disease | any disorder characterized by abnormal function of the immune system that causes the body to produce antibodies against itself, resulting in tissue destruction or loss of function; rheumatoid arthritis and lupus are examples of autoimmune diseases |
| erythroblastosis fetalis | a disorder that results from the incompatibility of a fetus with Rh-positive blood and a mother with Rh-negative blood, causing red blood cell destruction in the fetus; a blood transfusion is necessary to save the fetus |
| Rh factor | the antigen on the surface of red blood cells on the Rh blood group system; its presence can cause a reaction between Rh-positive and Rh-negative blood; Rh is derived from Rhesus monkey, in which the antigen was first obeserved |
| Rh positive (Rh+) | presence of antigens |
| Rh negative (Rh-) | absence of antigens |
| Hemochromatosis | hereditary disorder with an excessive buildup of iron deposits in the body |
| hemophilia | a group of hereditary bleeding disorders caused by a defect in clotting factors necessary for the coagulation of blood |
| leukemia | chronic or acute malignant (cancerous) disease of the blood-forming organs, characterized by abnormal leukocytes in the blood and bone marrow |
| myelodysplasia | disorder within the bone marrow characterized by a proliferation of abnormal stem cells (cells that give rise to different types of blood cells); usually develops into a specific type of leukemia |
| lymphoma | any neoplastic disorder of lymph tissue, usually malignant, as in Hodgkin disease |
| metastasis | process by which cancer cells are spread by blood or lymph circulation to a distant organ; the plural form, metastases, indicates spreading to two or more distant sites |
| mononucleosis | condition caused by the Epstein-Barr virus and characterized by an increase in mononuclear cells (monocytes and lymphocytes) in the blood along with enlarged lymph nodes (lymphadenopathy), fatigue, and sore throat (pharyngitis) |
| polycythemia | increased number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin in the blood |
| septicemia | a systemic disease caused by the infection of microorganisms and their toxins in the circulating blood |
| phlebotomy | incision into or puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for testing; also called venotomy |
| venotomy | incision into or puncture of a vein to withdraw blood for testing; also called phlebotomy |
| blood chemistry | test of the fluid portion of blood to measure the amounts of its chemical constituents (e.g., glucose and cholesterol) |
| blood chemistry panels | specialized batteries of automated blood chemistry tests performed on a single sample of blood; used as a general screen for disease or to target specific organs or conditions (e.g., metabolic panel, lipid panel, and arthritis panel) |
| Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP) | battery of tests used as a general screen for disease; includes tests for calcium, carbon dioxide (CO2), chloride, creatinine, glucose, potassium, sodium, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) |
| comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) | tests performed in addition to the basic panel for expanded screening: albumin, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, protein, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) |
| blood culture | test to determine if infection is present in the bloodstream by isolating a specimen of blood in an environment that encourages the growth of microorganisms; the specimen is observed, and the organisms that grow in the culture are identified |
| CD4 cell count | a measure of the number of cluster of differentiation (CD4) cells (a subset of T lymphocytes) in the blood; used in monitoring the course of HIV and in timing the treatment of AIDS; the normal adult range 600-1,500 cells in a given volume of blood |
| erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) | a timed test that measures the rate at which red blood cells settle through a volume of plasma |
| Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT) | test to determine coagulation defects, such as platelet disorders |
| thromboplastin | substance present in tissues, platelets, and leukocytes that is necessary for coagulation |
| Prothrombin Time (PT) | test to measure activity of prothrombin in the blood |
| prothrombin | protein substance in the blood that is essential to the clotting process |
| complete blood count (CBC) | common lab blood test performed as a screen of general health/for diagnostic purposes; typically includes the component tests that follow |
| white blood count (WBC) | a count of the number of white blood cells in a given volume of blood obtained via manual or automated laboratory methods |
| granulocytes | A group of leukocytes containing granules in their cytoplasm; neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
| red blood count (RBC) | a count of the number of red blood cells in a given volume of blood obtained via manual or automated laboratory methods |
| hemoglobin test (HGB or Hgb) | a test to determine the blood level of hemoglobin (expressed in grams) |
| hematocrit (HCT or Hct) | a measurement of the percentage of packed red blood cells in a given volume of blood |
| blood indices | calculations of RBC, HGB, and HCT results to determine the average size, hemoglobin concentration, and content of red blood cells to classify an anemia |
| mean corpuscular volume (MCV) | calculation of the volume of individual red blood cells using HCT and RBC results. MCV = HCT/RBC |
| mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) | calculation of the content (weight) of hemoglobin in the average red blood cell using HGB and RBC results: MCH = HGB/RBC |
| Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) | calculation of the average hemoglobin concentration in each red blood cell using HGB and HCT results: MCHC=HGB/HCT |
| differential count | determination of the number of each type of white blood cell (leukocyte) in a stained blood smear; each type is counted and reported as a percentage of the total examined |
| red cell morphology | as part of identifying and counting the white blood cells, the condition, size, and shape of red blood cells in the background of the smeared slide are noted |
| platelet count (PLT) | calculation of the number of thrombocytes in the blood; the normal adult range is 150,000-450,000 platelets in a given volume of blood |
| bone marrow aspiration | needle aspiration of bone marrow tissue for pathologic examination |
| bone marrow biopsy | pathologic examination of bone marrow tissue |
| lymphangiogram | an x-ray image of a lymph node or lymph vessel obtained after injection of a contrast dye |
| computed tomography (CT) | full body x-ray CT images are used to detect tumors and cancers such as lymphoma |
| positron emission tomography (PET) | scanning technique combining nuclear medicine and CT tech to produce images of anatomy/metabolic function within the body; useful in determining the recurrence of cancers/to measure response to therapy; commonly used in evaluating lymphoma |
| bone marrow transplant | transplantation of healthy bone marrow from a compatible donor to a diseased recipient to stimulate blood cell production |
| lymphadenectomy | removal of a lymph node |
| lymphadenotomy | incision into a lymph node |
| lymph node dissection | removal of possible cancer-carrying lymph nodes for pathologic examination |
| splenectomy | removal of the spleen |
| thymectomy | removal of the thymus |
| blood transfusion | introduction of blood products into the circulation of a recipient whose blood volume is reduced or deficient in some manner |
| autologous blood | blood donated by and stored for a patient for future personal use (auto = self) |
| homologous blood | blood voluntarily donated by any person for transfusion to a compatible recipient (homo = same) |
| blood component therapy | transfusion of a specific blood component, such as packed red blood cells, platelets, or plasma |
| cross-matching | method of matching a donor's blood to the recipient by mixing a sample in a test tube to determine compatibility |
| chemotherapy | treatment of malignancies, infections, and other diseases with chemical agents to destroy selected cells or impair their ability to reproduce |
| immunotherapy | use of biologic agents to prevent or treat disease by stimulating the body's own defense mechanisms, as seen in the treatment of AIDS, cancer, or allergy |
| plasmapheresis | removal of plasma from the body with separation and extraction of specific elements followed by reinfusion (apheresis = a withdrawal) |
| anticoagulant | a drug that prevents clotting of the blood |
| hemostatic | a drug that stops the flow of blood within the vessels |
| vasoconstrictor | a drug that causes a narrowing of blood vessels, thereby decreasing blood flow |
| vasodilator | drug that causes dilation of the blood vessels, thereby increasing blood flow |
| AIDS | acquired immune deficiency syndrome |
| ALT | alanine aminotransferase (enzyme) |
| AST | aspartate aminotransferase (enzyme) |
| BMP | basic metabolic panel |
| BUN | blood urea nitrogen |
| CBC | complete blood count |
| CD | cluster of differentiation |
| CMP | comprehensive metabolic panel |
| CO2 | carbon dioxide |
| CT | computed tomography |
| ESR | erythrocyte sedimentation rate |
| HCT or Hct | hematocrit |
| HGB or Hgb | hemoglobin |
| HIV | human immunodeficiency virus |
| MCH | mean corpuscular hemoglobin |
| MCHC | mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration |
| MCV | mean corpuscular volume |
| NK | natural killer (cell) |
| PET | positron-emission tomography |
| PLT | platelet count |
| PMN | polymorphonuclear (leukocyte) |
| PT | prothrombin time |
| PTT | partial thromboplastin time |
| RBC | red blood cell; red blood count |
| Rh+ | Rh positive |
| Rh- | Rh negative |
| RRR | relative risk reduction; regular rate and rhythm |
| RTO | return to office |
| WBC | white blood cell, white blood count |
Created by:
alexandramila
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