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Cells
Hole's Anatomy and Physiology 15ed Chapter 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Four major cell parts | cell membrane, cytoplasm, cellular organelles, nucleus |
| cell membrane | outer boundary made of a bilayer of phospholipid molecules with proteins embedded that have specific functions |
| functions of cell membrane | regulate movement of substances in and out of cell provide routes for small molecules and ions to cross otherwise impermeable membrane selecively permeable- o2, co2 and steroids pass easily. impermeable to water soluble molecules- aa, sugar, prot, na |
| cellular adhesion molecules (CAMS) | proteins that assist with transport of molecules in and out of the cell guide cell on the move and helps them adhere to cells when they reach their destination |
| cytoplasm | jelly-like fluid; holds the cellular organelles and occupies the space around them |
| cytoskeleton | framework (microtubules and microfilaments) |
| cellular organelles | have specific functions in the cell |
| ribosomes | tiny spherical structures that contain protein and rna provide structural support and enzymatic activity to link amino acids and form proteins scattered in the cytoplasm and on the endoplasmic reticulum |
| endoplasmic reticulum | particles in the synthesis of protein and lipid molecules (rough and smooth) |
| rough endoplasmic reticulum | studded with ribosomes for protein synthesis |
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum | lacks ribosomes and detoxifies and stores calcium |
| vesicles | membranous sacs that transport substances into and out of cells |
| gogli apparatus | packaging center flattened membranous sacs sorts, packaes and transports proteins |
| mitochondria | kidney shaped contains cristae which control chemical reactions that release energy from nutrient molecules and then store it in atp |
| lysosome | garbage disposal tiny membranous sacs, contain enzymes destroy anything in the cell that we no longer want or need |
| peroxisomes | membranous sac that have enzymes detoxify (alchohol) abundant in liver and kidneys |
| centrosome | two hollow cylinders called centrioles |
| cilia | short hair-like extensions from the cell surface that help move substances through passageways |
| flagella | tail-like projection, only one per cell and helps move tail of sperm |
| nucleus | brain or control center of each cell houses genetic material enclosed in a double-layered nuclear envelope |
| nucleolus | spherical body within the nucleus made of rna and protein synthesis of ribosomes |
| chromatin | made of loosely coiled fibers of dna and chromosomes |
| DNA | carries genes for synthesizing proteins |
| equlilbrium | equal distribution |
| concentration gradient | higher concentration to lower concentration (more towards less) |
| diffusion | spreading ot fo molecules from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration |
| facilitated diffusion | cell membrane carrier proteins help molecules into the cell occurs when a concentration gradient exists |
| osmosis | water moving through the cell membrane |
| osmotic pressure | the ability of osmosis to generate enough pressure to lift a volume of water. water tends to move to areas of greater_____ ____ |
| isotonic solution | 0.9% NACL same osmotic pressure as body fluids |
| hypertonic solution | higher osmotic pressure outside the cell than body fluids cell shrinks |
| hypotonic solution | lower osmotic pressure outside the cell than body fluids cell swells and may burst |
| filtration | using pressure to force something through a cell membrane |
| active transport | opposite of diffusion goes from lower concentration to higher like swimming upstream requires energy |
| endocytosis | bring a large substance to the cell via a vesicle formed in the cell membrane |
| pinocytosis | liquid cell drinking |
| phagocytosis | solid cell eating |
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