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Heart
Cardiovascular System
| What is the first organ to be developed? | Heart |
| What is the first system to be developed? | Cardiovascular System |
| Where does the heart start its development from? On what day? | Mesoderm. Day 18-19 after fertilization |
| Where does the heart develop after mesodermal cells? | Cardiogenic area |
| What does the endoderm cause the cardiogenic area to form into? | Cardiogenic cords |
| What do the cardiogenic cords form into? | Endocardial tubes |
| What do the endocardial tubes fuse into? On what day? | Primitive heart tube. Day 21 after fertilization |
| What five regions do the primitive heart tube form into? On what day? | Sinus venosus, primitive atrium, primitive ventricle, bulbus cordis, and the truncus arteriosus. Day 22 after fertilization |
| What does the sinus venosus develop into? | Right atrium, coronary sinus, and sinoatrial node |
| What does the primitive atrium develop into? | Right atrium, right auricle, part of the left atrium, and left auricle |
| What does the primitive ventricle give rise to? | Left ventricle |
| What does the bulbus cordis develop into? | Right ventricle |
| What does the truncus arteriosus give rise to? | Ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk |
| What day does the primitive heart tube elongate and fold over? | Day 23 |
| What day does the primitive atria and ventricles reorientate to the final position? | Day 28 |
| What does the thickening of mesoderm on the inner lining of the heart wall develop into? | Endocardial cushions |
| What will the endocardial cushions fuse and divide into? | Single atrioventricular canal Left and right atrioventricular canals |
| What does the interatrial septum develop into? | Foramen Ovale |
| What does the interatrial septum divide into? | Right atrium and left atrium |
| After birth, what does the interventricular septum turn into? | Right and left ventricle |
| When does the atrioventricular valves form? | 5-8 weeks |
| When does the semilunar valves form? | 5-9 weeks |
| What is the size of the heart? | Closed fist 12cm x 9cm x 6cm Average mass of 250-300g |
| Where does the heart rest? | On the diaphragm, near the thoracic cavity |
| Where does the heart lie? | Mediastinum |
| Where is the apex located? | Left ventricle and rests of the diaphragm (anteriorly, inferiorly and to the left) |
| Where is the base of the heart located? | Posterior aspect to the apex |
| Where is the base of the heart formed by? | Atria of the heart and the left atrium |
| Pericardium | Membrane that surrounds and protects the heart Confines the heart to its position (mediastinum) |
| Fibrous Pericardium | Tough, inelastic, dense irregular connective tissue In the pericardium |
| Serous Pericardium | Delicate membrane that forms a double layer around the heart |
| Outer parietal layer of the serous pericardium is fused into the... | Fibrous Pericardium |
| Visceral layer of the serous pericardium is also known as the.... | Epicardium |
| Epicardium | One of the layers of the heart wall Adheres tightly to the surface of the heart External layer of the heart wall |
| Where is the pericardial fluid located? | Betweeen the parietal and visceral layers of the serous pericardium |
| Functin of the pericardial fluid | Reduces fricition between the layers of the serous pericardium as the heart moves |
| Pericardial Cavity | Space that contains the pericardial fluid |
| Function of the Fibrous Pericardium | Prevents overstretching of the heart Provides protection Anchors heart to the mediastinum |
| What does the serous pericardium form? | A double layer around the heart |
| What does the epicardium contain? | Blood vessels, lymphatics, and vessels that supply the myocardium |
| Function of the Myocardium | Responsible for the pumping action of the heart Middle layer of the heart wall |
| Endocardium | Inner layer of the heart wall. Provides a smooth lining for the chambers of the heart and covers the valves Minimizes surface friction as blood passes through the heart |
| Atria | 2 out of 4 chambers Receive blood from blood vessels returning blood to the heart |
| Ventricles | 2 out of 4 chambers Eject blood from heart to blood vessels |
| Auricle | Located on the surface of the atriums Increase the capacity of the atriums |
| Sulci | Grooves on the surface of the heart Contain coronary blood vessels and fat |
| Coronary Sulcus | Encircles most of the heart, marks the external boundary between the superior atria and inferior ventricles |
| Anterior Interventricular Sulcus | Shallow groove on the surface of the heart Marks the external boundary between the right and left ventricles of the heart |
| Posterior Interventricular Sulcus | Shallow groove on the surface of the heart Marks the external boundary between ventricles on the posterior aspect of the heart |
| Right atrium | Right surface of the heart Receives blood from 3 veins: superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus |
| Right ventricle | Anterior surface of the heart Blood passes from right ventricle through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary trunk and carries blood to the lungs |
| Left atrium | Base of the heart Receives blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins |
| Left ventricle | Apex of the heart Carries blood throughout the body |
| Tricuspid Valve | Located between the right ventricle and right atrium Makes sure blood flows in a forward direction form atrium to ventricle |
| Pulmonary Valve | Located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery Regulates blood flow in the heart |
| Mitral Valve | Located between the left atrium and ventricle Regulates the flow of blood from your lungs into the left ventricle |
| What blood does the mitral valve produce | Oxygen Rich |
| Aortic valve | Located between the left ventricle and the aorta Carries blood throughout the body |
| Most common damage to the mitral valve | Mitral regurgitation |
| What happens during mitral regurgitation? | Blood flows in the wrong directions |
| What closed circuits does the heart pump blood into? | Systemic and Pulmonary circulation |
| What is the left side of the heart pump for? | Systemic Circulation |
| What blood does the left side receive from the lungs? | Oxygen Rich Blood |
| What does the left ventricle eject blood into? | Aorta |
| What does the aorta split into? | Small systemic arteries |
| Arteries give rise to smaller... | Arterioles |
| Arterioles lead into... | Systemic Capillaries |
| Blood unloads _____ and picks up ____ | Oxygen Carbon Dioxide |
| Blood flows through one capillary and enters a.... | Systemic Venule |
| Systemic Venule carries oxygen poor blood away from tissues and merge into larger.... | Systemic Veins |
| Blood flowing from the systemic venule to the systemic veins allows the blood to flow back into the... | Right atrium |
| The right side of the heart pumps for the.... | Pulmonary circulation |
| Pulmonary circulation receives... | Oxygen poor blood returning from the systemic circulation |
| Blood is ejected from the.... | Right ventricle |
| Blood ejected from the right ventricle flow into the.... | Pulmonary Trunk |
| The pulmonary trunk branches into the.... | Pulmonary Arteries |
| Pulmonary Arteries carries blood to the ____ and ____ _____ | Right and left lungs |
| Blood unloads _____ and picks up _____ | Carbon Dioxide; Oxygen |
| Blood flows back into the _____ and returns to the ________ | Pulmonary Veins; Left Atrium |
| What are the 2 different approaches to the chambers of the heart? | Top and Bottom |
| What are the bottom chambers? | Right and Left ventricles |
| The bottom chambers pump blood _____ of the heart | Out |
| What are the top chambers? | Right and Left atriums |
| The top chambers receive blood _____ into the heart | Entering |
| When blood flows from the right to left, it can because of what? | Septal Defect |
| What is a septal defect? | Birth defect thats caused when the foramen ovale fails to close |
| What happens to the blood in a septal defect? | Oxygenated blood is mixing with deoxygenated blood |
| Pulmonary Circuits blood through the ____ so it can become _____ | Lungs; Oxygenated |
| Systemic Circuits blood through the rest of the _____ so it can provide _____ blood to the rest of the _____ | Body; Oxygenated; Organs |
| ________, ________, _______ flow ________ blood to the _______ | Superior Vena Cava, Coronary Sinus, Inferior Vena Cava flow deoxygenated blood to the right atrium |
| ______ flows _______ blood through the ______ into the _______ | Right atrium flows deoxygenated blood through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle |
| _______ flows _______ blood through the ______ into the ______ | Right ventricle flows deoxygenated blood through the pulmonary SL valve into the pulmonary trunk |
| ______ flows _____blood through the ______ and ________ | Pulmonary trunk flows deoxygenated blood through the right and left pulmonary arteries |
| _____ receive _____ blood and make it ______ blood | Lungs receive deoxygenated blood and make it oxygenated blood |
| _____ pump _____ blood to the _____ and _____ | Lungs pump oxygenated blood to the right and left pulmonary arteries |
| _____ and _____ pump ____ blood to the ______ | Right and left pulmonary arteries pump oxygenated blood to the left atrium |
| ______ pump _____ blood through the ______ | Left atrium pump oxygenated blood through the left ventricle |
| _______ pump _____bloood through the _______ which is pumped to the ________ | Left ventricle pump oxygenated blood through. the aortic SL valve which is pumped to the rest of the body |
| How thick is the right ventricle? | 4-5mm thick |
| What does the right ventricle form? | Most of the anterior surface of the heart |
| What is inside the right ventricle? | Trabeculae Carneae (muscle fibers) |
| What are the cusps of the tricuspid valves connected to? | Chordae tendineae |
| The chordae tendineae are connected to the.... | Papillary muscles |
| What separates the right and left ventricle? | Interventricular Septum |
| How does the blood pass from the right ventricle? | Right Ventricle -> Pulmonary Valve -> Pulmonary Trunk |
| What does the Right Atrium form? | Right surface of the heart |
| Where does the right atrium receive blood from? | Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava, and Coronary Sinus |
| How thick is the right atrium? | 2-3mm |
| What does the inside of the posterior wall look like? | Smooth |
| What does the inside of the anterior wall look like? | Rough |
| Why is the inside of the anterior wall rough? | Pectinate muscles |
| What is between the right and left atrium? | Interatrial Septum |
| What is the oval depression in the septum called? | Fossa Ovalis |
| What is the Fossa Ovalis an opening for? | Interatrial Septum |
| Blood passes from the ______ into the ______ through the ______ | Blood passes from the right atrium into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve |
| How thick is the left atrium? | 2-3mm |
| What does the left atrium form the majority of? | Base of the heart |
| Where does the left atrium receive blood from? | Lungs |
| Where does the lungs receive blood from? | Pulmonary Veins |
| The left atrium has a ______ ______ | The left atrium has a smooth posterior wall |
| Why is the anterior wall smooth? | Pectinate muscles in the auricle of the left atrium |
| Blood passes from the _____ into the _____ through the ______ | Blood passes from the left atrium into the left ventricle through the mitral valve |
| What chamber is the thickest? | Left Ventricle (10-15mm) |
| What chamber forms the apex of the heart? | Left Ventricle |
| What does the left ventricle contain? | Trabeculae Carneae and Chordae Tendineae |
| The chordae tendineae anchors to the _____ to the ______ | The chordae tendineae anchors to the mitral valve to the papillary muscles |
| Blood passes from the _____ through the _____ into the ______ | Blood passes from the left ventricle through the aortic valve into the ascending aorta |
| Blood from the aorta flows into the _____ | Coronary Arteries |
| The blood that remains, passes through into the ______ and the ______ | The blood that remains, passes through into the arch of the aorta and the descending aorta |
| The myocardial houses the.... | 4 chambers of the heart |
| The walls are thicker in the myocardial because... | The ventricles have to pump blood under high pressure over great distances |
| The ______ and _____ eject equal volumes of blood | The right and left ventricles eject equal volumes of blood |
| The ____ side pumps a ____ distance to the _____ at _____ pressure | The right side pumps a short distance to the lungs at lower pressure |
| The _____ pumps blood to _____ distances throughout the ______ | The left ventricle pumps blood to great distances throughout the entire body |
| How does myocardial movement cause the heart valves to open and close? | The valves in the myocardial contract and relax which causes the valves to open and close. Allows blood flow into each ventricle and out to the body |
| What is an atrial kick? | The increase in force generated by the atria during contraction. |
| The flow of blood through the heart is primarily dictated by what? | Tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, and aortic valve |
| What does coronary circulation do? | Provides blood flow to the myocardium |
| Why is coronary circulation needed? | When the heart contracts, little blood flows into the coronary arteries because they're shut. When the heart relaxes, the pressure from the blood in the aorta propels blood through the coronary arteries into the capillaries and then the coronary veins |
| Anastomosis | Surgical connection between adject blood vessels |
| Autorhythmicity | Contractions of the heart that are controlled by specialized cardiac muscle cells that directly control the heart rate |
| Does the heart need to rely on the Nervous System to sustain a heartbeat? | Yes because the ANS and hormones modify the timing and strength of each heartbeat. They don't establish a fundamental rhythm. |
| What is the most important factor in regulating heartrate? | ANS and hormones released by the adrenal medullae |
| Myocardial contractility | The strength of the contraction at any given preload |
| Conductive Cells | Groups of cardiac muscle cells in the heart walls that send signals to the heart muscle to contract |
| Where are the components of conductive cells located? | SA node, AV node, bundle of HIS and bundle branches |
| What does myocardial contractile cells form? | Conductive systems of the heart |
| What do conductive cells do? | Conduct impulses tha contract to pump blood throughout the body |
| Cardiac Muscle Cells | Form a highly branches cellular network in the heart |
| Cardiac Muscle Fibers | Connect to neighboring fibers by intercalated discs. Shorter and less circular transversely than skeletal muscle fibers |
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