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CSA Chapter 3
Musculoskeletal System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| ankyl/o | crooked or stiff |
| arthr/o | joint |
| articul/o | joint |
| brachi/o | arm |
| cervic/o | neck |
| chondr/o | cartilage (gristle) |
| cost/o | rib |
| crani/o | skull |
| dactyl/o | digit (finger or toe) |
| fasci/o | fascia (a band) |
| femor/o | femur |
| fibr/o | fiber |
| kyph/o | humpback |
| lei/o | smooth |
| lord/o | bent |
| lumb/o | loins (lower back) |
| muscul/o | muscle |
| my/o | muscle |
| myel/o | bone marrow, spinal cord |
| myos/o | muscle |
| oste/o | bone |
| patell/o | knee cap |
| pelv/i | pelvis (basin) or hip bone |
| radi/o | radius |
| rhabd/o | rod-shaped or striated (skeletal) |
| sarc/o | flesh |
| scoli/o | twisted |
| spondyl/o | vertebra |
| stern/o | sternum (breastbone) |
| ten/o | tendon (to stretch) |
| tend/o | tendon (to stretch) |
| tendin/o | tendon (to stretch) |
| thorac/o | chest |
| ton/o | tone or tension |
| uln/o | ulna |
| vertebr/o | vertebra |
| appendicular skeleton | bones of the shoulder girdle, pelvis, and limbs (arms and legs) |
| axial skeleton | bones of the skull, vertebral column, chest, and hyoid bone |
| bone | specialized connective tissue composed of osteocytes (bone cells); forms the skeleton |
| compact bone | tightly solid bone tissue that forms the exterior of bones |
| spongy bone | mesh-like bone tissue found in the interior of bones, and surrounding the medullary cavity |
| cancellous bone | mesh-like bone tissue found in the interior of bones, and surrounding the medullary cavity |
| long bones | elongated bones of the arms and legs |
| short bones | square-shaped bones of the wrist and ankles |
| flat bones | thin, flattened bones of the ribs, shoulder blades (scapulae), pelvis, and skull |
| irregular bones | bones of the vertebrae and face |
| seasamoid bones | round bones found near joint (the patella) |
| epiphysis | wide ends of a long bone (physis=growth) |
| diaphysis | shaft of a long bone |
| metaphysis | growth zone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis during development of a long bone |
| endosteum | membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone |
| medullary cavity | cavity within the shaft of the long bones filled with bone marrow |
| bone marrow | soft connective tissue within the medullary cavity of bones |
| red bone marrow | functions to form red blood cells, some white blood cells, and platelets; found in the cavities of most bones in infants and in the flat bones of adults |
| yellow bone marrow | gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones; functions as storage for fat tissue and is inactive in the formation of blood cells |
| periosteum | a fibrous, vascular membrane that covers the bone |
| articular cartilage | a gristle-like substance on bones where they articulate |
| articulation | the point where two bones come together; also called joint |
| joint | the point where two bones come together; also called articulation |
| bursa | a fiborous sac between certain tendons and bones that is lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluis |
| intervertebral discs | a flat, plate like structure composed of an outer fibrous park (annulus fibrosus) that surrounds a central gelatinous mass (nucleus pulpous) between the vertebrae that reduces friction |
| annulus fibrosus | ring of fibrocartilage and fibrous tissue forming the circumference of the intervertebral disk; surrounds the nucleus pulposus |
| nucleus pulposus | the soft, fibrocartilaginous central portion of intervertebral disk |
| ligament | a flexible band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone |
| joint capsule | sac enclosing the articulating ends of bones forming a synovial joint |
| synovial membrane | membrane lining the capsule of a joint |
| synovial fluid | joint-lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane |
| muscle | tissue composed of fibers that can contract, causing movement of an organ or part of the body |
| striated muscle | voluntary muscle attached to the skeleton; also called skeletal muscle |
| skeletal muscle | voluntary muscle attached to the skeleton; also called striated muscle |
| smooth muscle | involuntary muscle found in internal organs |
| cardiac muscle | muscle of the heart |
| origin of a muscle | muscle end attached to the bone that does not move when the muscle contracts |
| insertion of a muscle | muscle end attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts |
| tendon | a band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone |
| fascia | a band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle |
| anatomic position | to stand upright, facing forward, feet pointed forward and slightly apart, arms and palms facing forward |
| body planes | reference planes for indicating the location or direction of body parts |
| frontal plane (coronal plane) | a vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions |
| sagittal plane | vertical division of the body into right and left portions |
| tranverse plane | horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions; also known as horizontal plane |
| anterior | front of the body; also known as ventral |
| ventral | front of the body |
| posterior | back of the body; also known as dorsal |
| dorsal | back of the body |
| anterior-posterior (AP) | from front to back, as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam |
| posterior-anterior (PA) | from back to front, as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam |
| superior | situated above or directed upward (toward the head) also known as cephalic |
| cephalic | situated above another structure, toward the head |
| inferior | situated below or directed downward (away from the head) |
| caudal | situated below another structure, away form the head; also known as interior |
| proximal | toward the beginning or origin of a structure |
| distal | away from the beginning or origin of a structure |
| medial | toward the middle (midline) |
| lateral | toward the side |
| axis | the imaginary line that runs through the center of the body or body part |
| erect | normal standing position |
| decubitus | lying down, especially in bed |
| prone | lying face down and flat |
| recumbent | lying down |
| supine | horizontal recumbent; lying flat on the back |
| flexion | bending at the joint so that the angle between the bones is decreased |
| extension | straightening at the joint so that the angle between the bones is increased |
| abduction | movement away from the body |
| adduction | movement toward the body |
| rotation | circular movement around an axis |
| eversion | turning outward (of a foot) |
| inversion | turning inward (of a foot) |
| pronation | turning of the palmar surface (palm of the hand) or plantar surface (sole of the foot) downward or backward |
| supination | turning of the palmar surface (palm of the hand) or planter surface (sole of the foot) upward or forward |
| dorsiflexion | bending of the foot or the toes upward |
| plantar flexion | bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground |
| range of motion (ROM) | total motion possible in a joint, described by the terms related to body movement (ability to flex, extend, abduct, or adduct); measured in degrees |
| goniometer | instrument used to measure joint angles |
| arthralgia | joint pain |
| atrophy | shrinking of muscle size |
| crepitation | grating sound sometimes made by the movement of a joint or by broken bones (also called crepitus) |
| exostosis | a projection arising from a bone that develops from cartilage |
| flaccid | flabby, relaxed, or having defective or absent muscle tone |
| hypertrophy | increased in the size of tissue like muscle |
| hypotonia | reduced muscle tone or tension |
| myalgia | muscle pain; also called myodynia |
| myodynia | muscle pain; also called myalgia |
| osteodynia | bone pain' also called ostealgia |
| ostealgia | bone pain; also called osteodynia |
| rigor | stiffness; stiff muscle; also called rigidity |
| rigidity | stiffness; stiff muscle; also called rigor |
| spasm | drawing in; involuntary contraction of muscle |
| spastic | uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles, causing stiff and awkward movements (resembles spasm) |
| tetany | tension; prolonged, continuous muscle contraction |
| tremor | shaking; rhythmic muscular movement |
| ankylosis | stiff joint contition |
| arthritis | inflammation of the joints characterized by pain, swelling, redness, warmth, and limitation of motion; there are more than 100 different types of arthritis |
| osteoarthritis (OA) | most common form of arthritis and most commonly associated with aging (wear-and-tear arthritis); also called degenerative arthritis and degenerative joint disease |
| degenerative arthritis | most common form of arthritis, especially affecting the weight-bearing joints (knee or hip), characterized by the erosion of articular cartilage; also called osteoarthritis and degenerative joint disease (DJD) |
| rheumatoid arthritis (RA) | most crippling form of arthritis characterized by chronic, systemic inflammation most often affecting joints and synovial membranes causing ankylosis and deformity |
| gouty arthritis | acute attacks of arthritis, usually in a single joint (especially in the great toe), caused by hyperuricemia (an excessive level of uric acid in the blood) |
| bony necrosis (sequestrum) | bone tissue that has died from loss of blood supply, such as can occur after a fracture |
| bunion | abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the big toe caused by inflammation of the bursa |
| bursitis | inflammation of the bursa |
| chrondromalacia | softening of cartilage |
| degenerative joint disease | characterized by the wearing away of the articular cartilage within the joints |
| epiphysitis | inflammation of the epiphyseal regions of the long bone |
| fracture (Fx) | broken or cracked bone |
| closed fracture | broken bone with no open wound; also called a simple fracture |
| open fracture | compound fracture; broken bone with an open wound |
| fracture line | the line of the break in a broken bone (oblique, spiral, or transverse |
| comminuted fracture | bone shattered into many small pieces |
| spiral fracture | bone break in which the fracture line is helical, usually resulting from a twisting injury |
| transverse fracture | bone break in which the fracture line forms a right angle with the longitudinal axis of the bone |
| greenstick fracture | bending and incomplete break of bone; most often seen in children |
| herniated disk | protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve |
| myeloma | bone marrow tumor |
| mytositis | inflammation of muscle |
| myoma | muscle tumor |
| leiomyoma | smooth muscle tumor |
| leiomyosarcoma | malignant smooth muscle tumor |
| rhabdomyoma | skeletal muscle tumor |
| rhabdomyosarcoma | malignant skeletal muscle tumor |
| muscular dystrophy | a category of genetically transmitted diseases characterized by progressive atrophy of skeletal muscles; Duchenne type is most common |
| osteoma | bone tumor |
| osteosarcoma | type of malignant bone tumor |
| osteomalacia | disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency |
| rickets | osteomalacia in children; causes bone deformity |
| osteomyelitis | infection of the bone marrow, causing inflammation |
| osteoporosis | condition of decreased bone density and increased porosity, causing bones to become brittle and to fracture more easily (porosis=passage) |
| spinal curvatures | curvatures of the spine or spinal column |
| kyphosis | anteriorly concave curvature of the thoracic spine (humped-back condition) |
| lordosis | anterior convex curvature of the lumbar spine (sway-back condition) |
| scoliosis | abnormal lateral curvature of the spine (S-shaped curve) |
| spondylolisthesis | forward slipping of a lumbar vertebra (listhesis=slipping) |
| spondylosis | stiff, immobile condition of vertebrae caused by joint degeneration |
| sprain | injury of a ligament caused by joint trauma but without joint dislocation or fracture |
| subluxation | partial dislocation (luxation=dislocation) |
| tendinitis | inflammation of a tendon; also called tendonitis |
| tendonitis | inflammation of a tendon; also called tendinitis |
| electromyogram (EMG) | a neurodiagnostic, graphic record of the electrical activity of muscle both at rest and during contraction; used to diagnose neuromusculoskeletal disorders (muscular dystrophy); usually performed by a neurologist |
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | non-ionizing (no x-ray) imaging technique using magnetic fields and radio-frequency waves to visualize anatomic structures; useful in orthopedic studies to detect joint, tendon, and vertebral disc discorders |
| nuclear medicine imaging | an ionizing imaging technique using radioactive isotopes |
| radionuclide organ imaging | an ionizing imaging technique using radioactive isotopes |
| bone scan | a nuclear scan (radionuclide image) of bone tissue to detect a tumor or malignancy |
| radiography | an imaging modality using x-ray rays; commonly used in orthopedics to visualize the extremities, ribs, back, shoulders, and joints |
| arthogram | a radiograph of a joint taken after the injection of a contrast medium |
| computed tomography (CT) | a specialized x-ray procedure producing a series of cross-sectional images that are processed by a computer into a two-dimensional or three-dimensional image; also called computed axial tomography (CAT) |
| sonography | ultrasound imaging; a non-ionizing technique that is useful in orthopedics to visualize muscles, ligaments, displacements, and dislocations or to guide a therapeutic intervention, such as that performed during arthroscopy |
| amputation | partial or complete removal of a limb (AKA=above-knee amputation; BKA=below-knee ampuatuion) |
| arthrocentesis | puncture for aspiration of a joint |
| arthrodesis | binding or fusing of joint surfaces |
| arthroplasty | repair or reconstruction of a joint |
| arthroscopy | procedure using an arthroscope to examine, diagnose, and repair a joint from within |
| bone grafting | transplantation of a piece of bone from one site to another to repair a skeletal defect |
| bursectomy | excision of a bursa |
| myoplasty | repair of a muscle |
| open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) of a fracture | internal surgical repair of a fracture by bring bones back into alignment and fixing them in place with devices such as plates, screws, and pins |
| osteoplasty | repair of a bone |
| osteotomy | an incision into a bone |
| spondylosyndesis | spinal fusion |
| tenotomy | division of a tendon by incision to repair a deformity caused by shortening of a muscle |
| closed reduction, external fixation of a fracture | external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment along with application of an external device to protect and hold the bone in place while healing |
| casting | use of a stiff, solid dressing around a limb or other body part to immobilize it during healing |
| splinting | use of a rigid device to immobilize or restrain a broken bone or injured body part; provides less support than a cast, but can be adjusted more easily to accommodate swelling from an injury |
| traction (Tx) | application of a pulling force to a fractured bone pr dislocated joint to maintain proper position during healing |
| closed reduction, percutaneous fixation of a fracture | external manipulation of a fracture to regain alignment, followed by insertion of one or more pins through the skin to maintain position; often includes use of an external device called a fixator to keep the fracture immobilized during healing |
| orthosis | use of an orthopedic appliance to maintain a bone's position or to provide limb support (back, knee, or wrist) |
| physical therapy (PT) | treatment to rehabilitate patients disabled by illness or injury; involves many different modalities (methods), such as exercise, hydrotherapy, diathermy, and ultrasound |
| prothesis | an artificial replacement for a missing body part or a device used to improve a body function, such as an artificial limb, hip, or joint |
| analgesic | a drug that relives pain |
| narcotic | a potent analgesic with addictive properties |
| anti-inflammatory | a drug that reduces inflammation |
| antipyretic | a drug that relieves fever |
| nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) | a group of drugs with analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties (ibuprofen, aspirin) commonly used to treat arthritis |
| A | anterior |
| AKA | above knee amputation |
| AP | anterior-posterior |
| BKA | below knee amputation |
| BP | blood pressure |
| CAT | computed axial tomography |
| CC | chief complaint |
| CT | computed tomography |
| DJD | degenerative joint disease |
| EMG | electroyogram |
| Fx | fracture |
| HPI | history of present illness |
| Hx | history |
| IMP | impression |
| L&W | living and well |
| MRI | magnetic resonance imaging |
| NAD | no acute distress |
| NKDA | no known drug allergies |
| NSAID | non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
| OA | osteoarthritis |
| ORIF | open reduction, internal fixation |
| P | posterior or pulse |
| PA | posterior-anterior |
| PE | physical examination |
| PMH | past medical history |
| PT | physical therapy |
| R | respirations |
| RA | rheumatoid arthritis |
| ROM | range of motion |
| ROS | review of systems |
| SH | social history |
| T | temperature |
| Tx | traction |
| VS | vital signs |
| crepitus | grating sounds sometimes made by the movement of a joint or broken bones; also called crepitation |
| complex fracture | displaced fracture that requires manipulation or surgery to repair |
Created by:
alexandramila
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