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AICE FR2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Voting by order | Each estate votes separately on any issue. Any two estates together would outvote the third. |
| Voting by head | Decisions taken by the Estates-General would be agreed by a simple vote with a majority sufficient to agree any policy. This favoured the Third Estate, which had the most deputies. |
| Constitution | A written document detailing how a country is to be governed, laws made, powers apportioned and elections conducted. |
| Conservatives | In this sense, conservatives were those who did not want any reforms. They were deeply suspicious and sceptical of the need for any social or political change. |
| Liberals | In this sense, liberals were those deputies who were far more tolerant of differing political views and who supported a measure of cautious reform. |
| Séance royale | Session of the Estates-General in the presence of the monarch. |
| Lettres de cachet | Sealed instructions from the Crown allowing detention without trial of a named individual. |
| Popular movement | Crowds of politically active Parisians who periodically took to the streets to protest. |
| Gardes-françaises | An elite royal infantry regiment, many of whom deserted to join opponents of the King in July 1789. |
| Journée | Day of popular action and disturbance linked to great political change. |
| Citizens’ militia | A bourgeois defence force set up to protect the interests of property owners in Paris. After the storming of the Bastille it became the National Guard. |
| Menu peuple | Ordinary people living in towns. |
| Counter-revolution | Groups and individuals hostile to the Revolution, who wished to reverse any changes it made at the earliest opportunity. |
| Hoarders | Those who bought up supplies of food, keeping them until prices rose and then selling them at a large profit. |
| Patriot Party | A loose group of progressive reformers, mainly nobles and bourgeoisie, who wanted changes to the political structure, namely a reduction in royal power in order to enhance their own positions. |
| Canton | An administrative subdivision of a department. |
| Nationalised | Taken into State control. |
| Assignats | Bonds backed up by the sale of Church land that circulated as a form of paper currency. |
| Suspensive veto | The right to delay a measure proposed by the Assembly. |
| Republic | A political system which does not have a hereditary head of state and where the supremacy of the people is recognised through mass democracy. |
| Legislative power | The power to make laws. In an absolute system this power belongs to the Crown, while in a democracy it rests with elected representatives. |
| Executive power | The power to make decisions relating to the government of a country. |
| Laissez-faire | Non-interference in economic matters, so that trade and industry should be free from State interference. |
| Free trade | Trade without the imposition of taxes and duties on goods. |
| Collective bargaining | Where a trade union negotiates with employers on behalf of workers who are members. |
| Refractory priests | Those priests who refused to take the oath. |
| Penal code | A list of the laws of France and the punishments for breaking those laws. |
| Guillotine | A machine introduced in 1792 for decapitating victims in a relatively painless way. It became synonymous with the Terror. |
| Legislative Assembly | Came into existence in October 1791 and was the second elected Assembly to rule during the Revolution. It differed from the National/Constituent Assembly in that all members were directly elected. |
| Annates | Payments made by the French Church to the Pope. |
| National synod | An assembly of representatives of the entire Church |
| Conscription | Compulsory military service. |
| Decentralised | Decision-making devolved from the centre to the regions of a country. |
| Constitutional monarchy | Where the powers of the Crown are limited by a constitution. Also known as a limited monarchy. |
| Departments | On 26 February 1790, 83 new divisions for local administration in France were created to replace the old divisions of the ancien régime. |
| Commune | The smallest administrative unit in France. |
| Active citizens | Persons who, depending on the amount of taxes paid, could vote and stand as deputies. |
| Passive citizens | Approximately 2.7 million citizens who enjoyed the civic rights provided by the Declaration of the Rights of Man, but paid insufficient taxes to qualify for a vote. |
| Laboureurs | The upper level of the peasantry who owned a plough and hired labour to work their land. |
| Biens nationaux | The nationalised property of the Church as ordered by the decree of 2 November 1789. |
| State monopoly | A system whereby the State exercises total control over an industry and can set whatever price it wishes. |
| Tax rolls | Lists of citizens who had to pay taxes to the State. |
| Physiocrats | A group of French intellectuals who believed that land was the only source of wealth and that landowners should therefore pay the bulk of taxes. |
| Centralisation | Direct central control of the various parts of government, with less power to the regions. |
| Insurrection | An uprising of ordinary people, predominantly sans-culottes. |
| Girondins | A small group of deputies from the Gironde and their associates – notably Brissot. |
| Inflation | A decline in the value of money, which leads to an increase in the price of goods. |
| Comte de Mirabeau (1749–91) | A nobleman of liberal beliefs and an outstanding orator who represented the Third Estate in the Estates-General. He worked in secret to support royal interests. |
| Feuillants | Constitutional monarchists, among them Lafayette, who split from the Jacobin Club following the flight to Varennes. |
| Altar of the fatherland | A large memorial to commemorate the Revolution. |
| Martial law | The suspension of civil liberties by the State in an attempt to restore public order when there is severe rioting and mass disobedience. |
| Self-denying ordinance | Members of the National Assembly were not permitted to stand for election to the new Legislative Assembly. |
| Left | Those seated on the left of the speaker of the Legislative Assembly favouring extreme policies such as removing the King and having a republic. |
| Right | Those seated on the right of the speaker of the Legislative Assembly and supporting a limited monarchy. |
| Centre | Those who sat facing the speaker of the Legislative Assembly favouring neither left nor right. |
| Parlementaire | Judges who held hereditary positions on one of the thirteen parlements. |
| The Terror | The period roughly covering March 1793 to August 1794 when extreme policies were used by the Jacobin government to ensure the survival of the Republic. |
| Great Powers | Countries that were regarded as more powerful than others on the basis of their military, economic and territorial strength – the major ones were Austria, France, Prussia, Russia and Britain. |
| Habsburg Empire | Territory that roughly corresponds to modern-day Austria, Hungary, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The Empire also considered itself to be the leading German state. |
| Rapprochement | An improvement in diplomatic relations between countries that had previously been hostile to one another. |
| Austrian Committee | Influential politicians and close confidants of Marie Antoinette who kept in close secret contact with Vienna, capital of the Habsburg Empire. |
| Brissotins | Supporters of Jacques Brissot who later merged with the Girondins. |
| United Provinces | Present-day Netherlands, ruled at the time by the House of Orange. |
| Revolutionary War | Fought by France against other European powers between 1792 and 1802. |
| Regular army | Full-time professional soldiers. As events unfolded the white uniforms of the ancien régime were replaced by ones that reflected the colours of the Revolution\: red, white and blue. |
| Fédérés | National guardsmen from the provinces who arrived in Paris to take part in the Fête de la Fédération commemorating the fall of the Bastille, 14 July 1792. |
| Paris Sections | Paris was divided into 48 Sections to replace the 60 electoral districts of 1789; the Section became the power base of the sans-culottes. |
| Bonnet rouge | The red cap popularly known as the cap of liberty, which became an important symbol of the Revolution. |
| La patrie en danger | ‘The fatherland is in danger’ became a rallying cry to ordinary people to help save the country. |
| La Marseillaise | The rousing song composed by Rouget de l’Isle in 1792 and adopted as the anthem of the Republic on 14 July 1795. |
| Universal male suffrage | A vote for every man over a certain age. |
| Purge | Forced removal of political opponents. |
| Revolutionary commune | The name adopted by the municipal government of Paris in August 1792 which played a key role in the overthrow of Louis XVI. |
| Constitutional monarchists | Supporters of Louis who welcomed the granting of limited democratic rights to the French people. |
| Disenfranchised | Stripped of the right to vote. |
| The Plain | The majority of deputies in the Convention who sat on the lower seats of the tiered assembly hall. |
| Montagnards | The name given to Jacobin deputies who occupied the upper seats to the left of the speaker in the tiered chamber of the National Assembly, hence ‘the Mountain’. |
| Anti-clerical | Opposed to the religious authority of the Catholic Church and its priests. |
| Free market | A trading system with no artificial price controls. Prices are determined solely by supply and demand. |
| Armoire de fer | An iron chest or safe, discovered in November 1792, which held documents that incriminated Louis. |
| Appel nominal | Each deputy was required to declare publicly his decision on the guilt or innocence of Louis XVI. |
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