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AICE FR1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Intendants | Officials directly appointed by and answerable to the Crown who were mainly responsible for police, justice, finance, public works, and trade and industry. |
| Généralités | The 34 areas into which France was divided for the purpose of collecting taxes and other administrative functions; each area was under the control of an intendant. |
| Marie Antoinette (1755–93) | Daughter of the Austrian Empress Maria Theresa, she married Louis in 1770. Suspected of exerting undue influence on her indecisive husband. Nicknamed ‘Madame Deficit’ because of her extravagant tastes. |
| Tax farming | A system where the government agrees a tax assessment figure for an area, which is then collected by a company that bids for the right to collect it. |
| Émigrés | People, mainly aristocrats, who fled France during the Revolution. Many émigrés joined foreign opponents of the Revolution. |
| Non-juring priests | Those members of the clergy who refused to take the new oath of allegiance to the Civil Constitution. |
| Venality | The sale and purchase of certain jobs which could be inherited by descendants. |
| Anne-Robert-Jacques Turgot (1727–81) | As Controller-General (1774–6), was one of the first of Louis’ ministers to attempt to reform French finances. He failed owing to a combination of powerful vested interests and a lack of support from Louis. |
| Guild | An organisation that tightly controls entry into a trade. |
| Corvée | Unpaid labour service to maintain roads. In many places money replaced the service. |
| Cahiers | Lists of grievances and suggestions for reform drawn up by representatives of each estate and each community and presented to the Estates-General for consideration. |
| Parlements | The thirteen high courts of appeal. All edicts handed down by the Crown had to be registered by the parlements before they could be enforced as law. |
| Gabelle | The much-hated salt tax, which was assessed according to an individual’s presumed rather than actual consumption. |
| Plurality | The holding of more than one bishopric or parish by an individual. |
| Diocese | An area served by a bishop. It is made up of a large number of parishes. |
| Versailles | The royal palace of the Bourbons and the seat of royal government built outside Paris by Louis XIV. |
| Feudal dues | Financial or work obligations imposed on the peasantry by landowners. |
| Serfdom | A system in which people were the property of the landowner. |
| Artisan | A skilled worker or craftsman. |
| Sans-culottes | Literally ‘those without knee-breeches’\: those who wore trousers and were classed as workers. It was later used as a label to identify the more extreme urban revolutionaries of 1792–5. |
| Deficit | When expenditure is greater than income it results in a deficit. |
| Charles Alexandre de Calonne (1734–1802) | As Controller-General from 1783 he drew up an ambitious reform plan to deal with the financial problems of the monarchy. The plan was rejected by the Assembly of Notables. |
| Jacques Necker (1732–1804) | A Genevan banker who was in charge of France’s finance on a number of occasions. Popular because of his ability to raise loans and thereby avoid creating new taxes. |
| Surplus | When income is greater than expenditure. |
| Pays d’états | Areas that had local representative assemblies of the three estates that contributed to the assessment and collection of royal taxes. |
| Estates-General | Elected representatives of all three estates of the realm. This body was only summoned in times of extreme national crisis, and had last met in 1614. |
| Notables | Rich, powerful individuals; the elite who controlled the political and economic life of France. |
| Politicisation | A process in which people who were previously unconcerned with politics take an active interest in political issues which affect their daily lives. |
| Marxist historians | Those who interpret the Revolution as part of Marx’s analysis of history as a series of class-based struggles, resulting ultimately in the triumph of the proletariat (the Marxist term for the urban working class). |
| Revisionist historians | Those who reject a certain analysis and provide a revised interpretation. |
| Social interpretation | An emphasis on changes in society – population trends, social class – as having a significant impact on the Revolution. |
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chadmw
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