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A&P Unit 2
Basic Chemistry
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Matter | Anything that occupies space and has mass |
| Energy | The ability to do work |
| Potential energy | Stored energy |
| Kinetic Energy | Energy of motion |
| Types of energy | Chemical, Electrical, Mechanical, Radiant, Thermal |
| Chemical | Stored in bonds |
| Electricsal | Flow of electrons |
| Mechanical | Movement of parts |
| Radiant | Waves of particles |
| Termal | Heat |
| Elements | Fundamental units of matter |
| Atoms | Building blocks of elements |
| Nucleus | Protons and Neutrons |
| Outside of Nucleus | Electrons |
| Atomic number | Equal to the number of protons that the atoms contain |
| Atomic mass number | Sum of the proton and neutrons |
| Isotopes | Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons |
| Atomic Weight | Close to mass number of most abundant isotope |
| Molecule | Two or more like atoms combined chemically |
| Compound | Two or more different atoms combined chemically |
| Anabolic | Synthesis reactions |
| Catabolic | Decomposition reactions |
| Valence Shell | Bonding involves interactions between electrons in the outer shell |
| Inert Elements | Have complete valence shells and are stable |
| Reactive Elements | Valence shells are not full and are unstable. Normally tend to gain, lose, or share electrons. |
| Ionic Bonds | Form when electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another |
| Ions | Charged particles |
| Covalent bond | Atoms become stable through shared electrons |
| Non-Polar | Electrically neutral as a molecule |
| Polar | Have a positive and negative side |
| Hydrogen Bonds | Weak chemical bonds where hydrogen is attracted to negative portion of polar molecule |
| Exchange reaction | Switch is made between molecule parts and different molecules are made |
| Inorganic compounds | Lack carbon and tend to be simpler compounds |
| Neutralization reaction | Acids and bases react to form water and a salt |
| pH | Measures relative concentration of hydrogen ions |
| Organic compounds | Contains carbon and are mostly covalently bonded |
| Carbohydrates | Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in roughly a 1:2:1 ratio and includes sugars and starches. Monosaccharides equals simple sugars. |
| Disaccharides | Two simple sugars joined by dehydration synthesis - removal of water to form a bond |
| Decomposed by hydrolysis | breaking of bonds by adding water back in |
| Polysaccharides | long branching chains of linked simple sugars |
| Strach and Cellulose | Plant polysaccharides and cellulose is indigestible |
| Glycogen | Animal polysaccharide and stored in muscle and liver |
| Lipids | Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen and most are insoluble in water. |
| Saturated | All single bonds and are solid at room temperature. |
| Unsaturated | Some double bonds and are liquid at room temperature |
| Protein | Made of 20 different amino acids and contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur |
| Enzymes | acts as biological catalysts and increase the rate of chemical reactions |
| Substrate | the substance on which an enzyme is acting |
| Active site | the area on the enzyme to which the substrate binds |
| Deanture | when an enzyme unfolds and is rendered nonfunctional |
| Nucleic Acids | Composed of nucleotides such as sugar, phosphate, and nucleotide bases |
| Nucleotide Bases | A = Adenine G = Guanine C = Cytosine T = Thymine (only in DNA) U = Uracil (only in RNA). A bonds to T (U), G to C |
| Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) | Single strand, has U instead of T, has ribose sugar and involved in the manufacturing of proteins such as transcription, translation, and ribosomes |
| DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) | Contains deoxyribose sugar, T instead of U, it is the "Blueprint" of life. |
| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) | Chemical energy used by all cells and energy is released by breaking high energy phosphate bond |
Created by:
ealvarado2610
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