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Nervous
Mr. G’s Nervous System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Nervous System | a complex, highly organized system that monitors, regulates, and coordinates all activities outside the body. |
| Neuron | basic structural unit of the nervous system; consists of a cell body, a nucleus, dendrites, and an axon |
| Dendrites | nerve fibers; receive messages from other neurons and carries these impulses toward the cell body; short with many branches |
| Axon | single nerve fiber; conveys messages away from the cell body to other neurons or to muscle or gland cells; longer and branchless; |
| Synapse | spaces between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites of another |
| Impulses | signals coming from one axon 'jump' the synapse to get to the dendrite of another neuron |
| Myelin Sheath | lipid covering on an axon; increase the rate of impulse transmission and insulates and maintains the axon |
| Neurotransmitters | special chemicals located at the end of each axon allowing the nerve impulses to pass from one neuron to another |
| Nerve Impulse | information is conveyed as nerve impulses or action potentials; .1 volts in strength and last 1 millisecond |
| Afferent (sensory nerves) | carry messages from all parts of the body to the brain and spinal cord |
| Efferent (motor nerves) | carry messages from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands |
| 2 divisions of the nervous system | central nervous system and peripheral nervous system |
| Central Nervous System | brain and spinal cord |
| Peripheral Nervous System | cranial and spinal nerves |
| 2 divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System | somatic and autonomic |
| Somatic Nervous System | carries message between the CNS and the body -12 pair of cranial nerves, -31 pair of spinal nerves, -8 cervical nerves, -12 thoracic nerves, -5 lumbar nerves, -sacral nerves and -1 pair of coccygeal spinal nerves |
| Autonomic Nervous System | contains sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems- they work together to control involuntary body functions |
| 6 main parts of the brain | cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata |
| Cerebrum | The largest and highest portion of the brain, partly divided into right and left hemispheres, cerebral cortex arranged in folds or patterns of fissures into 4 lobes |
| 4 lobes of the Cerebrum | frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital |
| Frontal Lobe | base for speech production, problem solving, judgment, movement initiation, smell, and aspects of 'personality' |
| Parietal Lobe | comprehension and bodily sensations are perceived |
| Temporal Lobe | recognition of sounds |
| Occipital Lobe | analyzing and interpreting visual information |
| Cerebellum | hindbrain or little brain; located under the posterior portion of the cerebrum, Assists in the coordination of skeletal muscles, maintain balance, posture and muscle tone |
| Diencephalon | Between cerebrum and midbrain; contains thalamus and hypothalamus |
| Thalamus | monitors incoming sensory information and relays it to the cortex |
| Hypothalamus | regulates and controls the autonomic nervous system, appetite, water balance, sleep, emotions |
| Midbrain | below the cerebrum at the top of the brainstem; responsible for conducting impulses between the brain parts and certain eyes and auditory reflexes |
| Pons | section below the midbrain and in the brainstem; responsible for conducting messages to other parts of the brain; chewing, tasting, and saliva production; respiration |
| Medulla Oblongata | lowest part of brainstem; connects w/ the spinal cord and is responsible for regulating heartbeat, respiration, swallowing, coughing and blood pressure |
| Three layers protect the brain and spinal cord | dura mater, arachnoid membrane, and pia mater |
| Dura Mater | thick, tough, outer layer |
| Arachnoid Membrane | delicate, weblike middle layer |
| Pia Mater | innermost layer; contains blood vessels that nourish the nerve tissue |
| Ventricles | 4 hollow spaces within the cerebrum under the arachnoid membrane that contains cerebral spinal fluid |
| Cerebral Spinal Fluid | clear, colorless fluid that cushions the brain and spinal cord form shock; contains proteins and glucose that provide energy and lymphocytes that protect against infection |
| Sympathetic Nervous System | prepares body to act in times of emergency; increases heat rate, respiration, blood pressure and slows digestion |
| Parasympathetic Nervous System | after the emergency, counteracts SNS, slows heart rate, decreases respiration, lowers BP, and increases digestion |
| hydrocephalus | born with it (born premature), caused by over production of cerebrospinal fluid, large head, brain damage, pain, death, to treat: shunt inside brain and tube installed |
| meningitis | caused by a virus/bacteria, spread by casual contact, symptoms: headache, fever, stiff neck, inflamed meninges, rash, to treat (bacterial): prevention (vaccine), antibiotics...serious/deadly, (viral): manage symptoms |
| multiple sclerosis | auto-immune disorder, body produces antibodies to myelin sheath, symptoms: pain, lose motor function, numbness, muscle weakness, chronic, progressive, terminal, treat symptoms |
| epilepsy | diagnosed early on, born with it, seizure disorder (grand mal or petite mal), brain damage, control with medicine, surgery |
| Parkinson's disease | not enough dopamine being made or received, symptoms: shuffling gate, spastic/ random movements, involuntary muscle movement, to treat: medication to encourage release of doamine...ages 65 and up |
| Alzheimer's disease | caused by genetic, lifestyle, and environmental factors, deteriorates brain, dementia, lost ability speaking, can't recognize people, forgetfulness, confusion, progressive (5-10 yrs), terminal, manage symptoms (antibiotics)...ages 50 and up |
Created by:
smnewman
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