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Midterm Q/A Review
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Nonsteroid hormones include peptides, proteins, glycoproteins, and amines T/F | TRUE |
| Maxwell has a very high metabolic rate, is skinny, and has protruding eyes. These are symptoms of | hyperthyroidism |
| A hormone is a secreted molecule that is carried in the bloodstream to where it acts on target cells that bear specific receptors for that hormone. T/F | True |
| Choose the example that does not demonstrate a negative feedback loop of hormonal control. | "Labor" |
| A female patient is experiencing a hormonal imbalance that is causing her to skip menstrual periods due to low estrogen and miss ovulation. Which of the following is most likely the imbalanced hormone? | Adrenocorticotropic hormone |
| A hormone is a __________ and the target cell is __________. | molecule that has a metabolic effect on another cell; a cell that has receptors for specific hormones |
| Simple goiter is most prevalent where the soil lacks | iodine |
| The hormone that stimulates calcium deposition into bone is | calcintonin |
| Steroid hormones diffuse through cell membranes, then bind with receptors, whereas nonsteroid hormones bind receptors on the target cell membrane. | true |
| A sweat gland is an example of a(n) __________ gland. | exocrine |
| The secretion of parathyroid hormone is controlled primarily by the | concentration of blood calcium |
| The __________ secretes triiodothyronine. | thyroid gland |
| The hormone that the pineal gland secretes is | melatonin |
| The thymus gland secretes hormones called __________ that __________. | thymosins; control production and differentiation of white blood cells |
| Steroid hormones | are soluble in lipids. |
| The sex hormones from the adrenal cortex are primarily androgens. T/F | True |
| The target cells of releasing hormones are in the anterior pituitary gland. T/F | True |
| Secretion of insulin causes | a decrease in the concentration of blood glucose |
| Oxytocin stimulates the kidneys to conserve water. T/F | False |
| As a result of the general stress response, blood concentrations of epinephrine and _____ rise | and cortisol rise. |
| The thymus enlarges after puberty. T/F | False |
| Glands under armpit pic | axillary lymph nodes |
| Activation of what group of proteins in the plasma leads to inflammation, attraction of phagocytes, and enhancement of phagocytosis? | complement |
| Absence or blockage of lymph vessels in a body region leads directly to what condition? | Edema |
| Lymph differs from plasma in that | plasma has more protein than lymph. |
| Lymphatic pathways begin at the lymphatic capillaries which empty into lymphatic vessels. From there, fluid flows through lymphatic __________ into lymphatic __________, eventually emptying into veins in the thorax. | trunks; ducts |
| When T or B cells are activated, they proliferate, forming a group of genetically identical cells descending from the original activated cell. What is the name of this group of identical cells? | clone |
| What is not true of the spleen? | The spaces in the lobes of the spleen are filled with lymph. |
| What is the name of the fluid contained within vessels of the lymphatic system? | Lymph |
| What term refers to any molecule that elicits an immune response? | Antigen |
| Memory T and B cells function in what type of response? | Secondary |
| The region of a lymph node through which blood vessels and nerves pass is called the | hilum |
| What type of immunity will result from receiving a vaccination? | Artificially acquired active immunity |
| In order to be fully activated, most __________ cells require interaction with __________ cells. | B/T |
| Allograft | same species |
| Isograft | Identical twin |
| Xenograft | different species |
| Autograft | from self |
| yellow gland by sternum | remnant of thymus |
| The two collecting ducts that drain the lymphatic trunks are the | thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct. |
| Lymph eventually is returned to the circulation at what blood vessels? | Right and left subclavian veins |
| What class of immunoglobulin is involved in immediate-reaction allergic reactions? | IgE |
| What is the first component(s) of the immune system to decline with age? | Thymus |
| Muscle contraction moves lymph through lymphatic vessels. T/F | True |
| What term is used for disorders resulting from the immune system attacking "self" cells? | Autoimmune |
| The thymus is in the mediastinum behind the sternum. T/F | True |
| Older red blood cells may be destroyed in the spleen. T/F | True |
| The structure of a lymphatic vessel is most similar to that of a(n) | vein |
| Blood Type O | RBC antigens: neither A nor B antigens * Plasma antibodies: Both anti-A and anti-B antibodies |
| Blood Type A | RBC antigens: Only A antigen * Plasma antibodies: only B antibodies |
| Blood Type B | RBC antigens: Only B antigen * Plasma antibodies: only A antibodies |
| Blood Type AB | RBC antigens: Both A & B antigens * Plasma antibodies: neither A or B antibodies |
| The biconcave cells in blood that lack nuclei when they are mature are the | Red blood cells |
| Cyanosis is caused by an increased blood concentration of | deoxyhemoglobin. |
| Erythroblastosis fetalis may occur in | a second Rh-positive fetus developing in an Rh-negative woman. |
| What is the typical life span of a red blood cell? | 120 days |
| A blood clot that forms abnormally in a blood vessel is a(n) | thrombus |
| Persons with type AB blood are sometimes called universal donors. T/F | False |
| headaches, bruise easily and nose bleeds? | leukemia |
| Abnormal hemoglobin; causes hemoglobin to crystallize in low oxygen conditions. | sickle cell |
| Low platelet count; results in decreased blood clotting and bruising | Thrombocytopenia |
| What is a result of reduced red blood cell count and/or reduced hemoglobin content of the blood? Multiple | Diminished oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood |
| Define hemostasis. | Process that stops bleeding |
| A person with type AB blood can successfully receive blood from | all blood types |
| The percentage of red blood cells in a sample of human blood is normally about | 45% |
| Universal precautions are | specific measures that health-care workers should take to prevent transmission of bloodborne pathogens in the workplace. |
| Platelets are best described as | cytoplasmic fragments of cells. |
| Which of the following elements is included in hemoglobin molecules? | Iron |
| Which of the following usually accounts for the smallest percentage of leukocytes in a blood sample? | Basophils |
| What component of blood accounts for the largest proportion of the blood volume? | Plasma |
| What is the name of the condition in which there is a deficiency in red blood cells or in the amount of hemoglobin? | Anemia |
| An excessive number of white blood cells is classified as | leukocytosis |
| A deficiency in white blood cells is classified as | leukopenia |
| Persons with __________ blood have neither antigen A nor antigen B on their red blood cells but have antibody anti-A and antibody anti-B in their plasma. | Type O |
| The basic event in the formation of a blood clot is the change of | fibrinogen to fibrin |
| While looking at a sample of blood in a microscope, you see a purple-stained cell that is markedly larger than a red blood cell (about two to three times larger). It has a large kidney-shaped nucleus. What type of blood cell is this? | monocyte |
| What is a mass of cells that act as a unit in the heart called? | Functional syncytium |
| When the first heart sound is heard, what is occuring with the heart valves? | The AV valves are closing. |
| If it was taking longer for an electrical impulse to get through the AV node, what would the ECG look like? | Time between the P wave and QRS complex would be lengthened. Correct |
| The left ventricle pushes blood into what vessel(s)? | aorta |
| A cold, pale foot could be a sign of a blockage of blood flow in the __________ artery. | popliteal |
| When the ventricular walls contract, | the mitral and tricuspid valves close. |
| What formula best describes the relationship of the factors that determine blood pressure? | Blood Pressure = Cardiac Output x Peripheral Resistance |
| When the atria contract during a cardiac cycle, the ventricles are __________. When the ventricles contract, the atria are __________. | relaxing/relaxing |
| Circulation is vital because it | supplies oxygen and nutrients to and removes wastes from tissues. |
| The right atrium receives blood directly from | the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus. |
| What structure is also known as the pacemaker of the heart? | SA node |
| Mr. Smith is admitted to the cardiac unit with a diagnosis of endocarditis. When he asks the nurse where the infection is located, the nurse replies that the infection is in __________. | the inner lining of the heart |
| If all nerves from the central nervous system to the heart were severed, the heart would stop beating. T/F | False |
| A myocardial infarction of the right ventricle could be caused by a blockage in the __________. | posterior interventricular artery |
| The correct sequence of parts that carry cardiac impulses is | SA node, AV node, AV bundle, Purkinje fibers. |
| The inner lining of the heart is the | endocardium |
| What is the function of chordae tendineae? | Prevent the cusps of the AV valves from moving up into the atria |
| Swelling of the hand could be caused by a thrombosis (blood clot) in the __________ vein. | brachial |
| A rise in blood pressure detected by baroreceptors would result in a(n) __________ in heart rate due to __________ stimulation. | decrease; parasympathetic |
| What wave in an ECG tracing depicts ventricular repolarization? | T wave |
| What valve is located between the right atrium and right ventricle? | Tricuspid |
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