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Miranda Shelton
Anatomy - Final Stack
| A signal conduction route to and from the central nervous system is a(n): | Reflex Arc |
| What structure of the Schwann cell is essential to normal nerve growth and the regeneration of injured nerve fibers? | neurilemma |
| region of a neuron with a name that means "little hill." | Axon Hillock |
| The somatic nervous system carries information to the | Skeletal Muscles |
| These regions of the neuron direct electrical currents toward the cell body. | Dendrite |
| Bundles of myelinated fibers make up the: | white matter of the nervous system. |
| The _____ nervous system is a complex network of nerve pathways embedded in the intestinal wall with a network of integrators and feedback loops that can act somewhat independently. | Enteric - second brain |
| Nerves that originate from the brain are called _____ nerves. | cranial |
| The glia cells that help form the blood-brain barrier are the | astrocytes |
| The ________ of a presynaptic neuron associates with the dendrite of a postsynaptic neuron. | Axon Terminal |
| Excitable cells that conduct the impulses are called | Neurons |
| What term describes the bundles of nerve fibers within the central nervous system? | Tracts |
| Interneurons reside in the: | CNS only |
| Gray matter in the brain and spinal cord consists primarily of: | Cell bodies |
| Most unipolar neurons are usually: | sensory neurons. |
| A neuron that transmits a nerve impulse toward the central nervous system is called a(n): | Sensory (afferent) neuron |
| Functions of the CNS? | 1) Integrating sensory information 2) Evaluating the information 3) Initiating an outgoing response |
| reflex arc | always consists of an afferent neuron and an efferent neuron. |
| Schwann cells have a function in the PNS that is similar to that of which cells in the CNS? | Oligodendrocytes |
| compound that cannot cross the blood-brain barrier? | dopamine |
| The nervous system can be divided by: | 1) according to its structure. 2) according to direction of information flow. 3) by control of effectors. |
| The nervous system is organized to: | 1) Detect changes in the external environment. 2) Detect changes in the internal environment. 3) Evaluate changes in the environment. |
| Connective tissues of nerve deep to superficial: | 1) Endoneurium 2) Perineurium 3) Epineurium |
| The afferent pathways of the autonomic nervous system: | carry feedback information to integrating centers in the brain. |
| Small distinct regions of gray matter in the CNS are called: | Nuclei |
| Fascicles are held together by a connective tissue layer called the: | perineurium. |
| Neurons in the CNS have less chance of regenerating for all of the following reasons except: | microglia lay down scar tissue. |
| Six major divisions of the brain, named from below, upward, are as follows: | medulla oblongata, pons, midbrain, cerebellum, diencepha-lon, and cerebrum. |
| Parts of the brain that make up the brain stem: | medulla oblongata, pons, and midbrain |
| Arteries | Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart and to the tissues |
| Veins | Cary deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the tissues |
| Two types of circulation: | Pulmonary & Systemic |
| Most numerous type of blood cells | Erythrocytes - carry oxygen to tissue cells |
| Platelets | Aid in blood clotting |
| Neutrophils | ingest small pathogens |
| monocytes | ingest bateria |
| Basophils | Secrete heparin (an anticoagulant & histamine) |
| Eosinophils | cause allergic reactions, kill large pathogens & parasitic worms |
| Lymphocytes | secrete antibodies |
| The hormone produced by the heart | increases the excretion of sodium in the urine. |
| Hormone that inhibits osteoclast activity in children: | calcitonin |
| Which of the following areas has the highest concentration of cones? | the fovea centralis |
| Pancreatic cell type that produces insulin. | Beta cells |
| Melanin-containing layer of the eye's vascular tunic. | choroid |
| Class of hormones secreted during chronic stress that depress immune function. | glucocorticoids |
| Endolymph is made | in the stria vascularis. |
| Membrane attached to the stapes. | oval window |
| Which endocrine gland stores enough of its hormone extracellularly to last several months? | The thyroid |
| The nerve carrying taste information from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue is the | facial nerve |
| The hypophyseal portal veins are primarily located in the | infundibulum |
| Which of the following endocrine glands develops primarily from the endoderm of the pharynx? | Thyroid & parathyroid |
| Bony labyrinth structure containing the utricle and saccule. | vestibule |
| Region of the adrenal cortex that secretes DHEA. | zona reticularis |
| The four structures that compose the conduction system of the heart are the | SA node, AV node, AV bundle, and Purkinje fibers. |
| The normal cardiac impulse that initiates mechanical contraction of the heart arises in the | SA node |
| During fetal circulation, what opening in the septum, between the right and left atria, directs most of the blood so that it bypasses the fetal lungs? | foramen ovale |
| The term blood type refers to the type of blood cell | antigen |
| The bulk of the heart wall is the thick, contractile middle layer called the | myocardium |
| A glycoprotein hormone that is secreted to increase oxygen concentration in the tissues is | erythropoietin |
| The heart valves that are located where the trunk of the pulmonary artery joins the right ventricle and where the aorta joins the left ventricle are called | semilunar valves |
| During pregnancy, what happens to the oxygenated blood returned from the placenta via the umbilical vein? | It flows into the inferior vena cava. |
| The outermost layer of the larger blood vessels is the tunica | adventitia. |
| Which of the following is a powerful poison that acts directly on any cell and quickly kills it? | lymphotoxin |
| The movement of phagocytes from blood vessels to an inflammation site is called | diapedesis |
| The primary organ of the lymphatic system is the | thymus |
| Pyrogen molecules trigger the fever response by promoting the production of | prostaglandins |
| Molecules formed by the reactions of the complement cascade assemble themselves on the enemy cell’s surface, which results in | cytolysis |
| Activities that result in central movement or flow of lymph are called | lymphokinetic activities |
| Which organ has several functions, including defense, hematopoiesis, red blood cell and platelet destruction, and blood reservoir? | spleen |
| Adaptive immunity, part of the body’s third line of defense, is orchestrated by two different classes of a type of white blood cell called the | lymphocyte |
| Lymphatics in the villi of the small intestines are called | lacteals |
| The body’s defense mechanisms can be organized into one of two major categories of immune mechanisms; these are | innate and adaptive immunity. |
| The structure in the neck known as the “Adam’s apple” is the: | thyroid cartilage. |
| The eustachian tube connects the middle ear with the: | nasopharynx. |
| The structures that deflect air as it passes through the nose are called: | conchae. |
| The function of the vibrissae in the vestibule is to: | provide an initial “filter” to screen particulate matter from air that is entering the system. |
| In the right lung, the superior and middle lobes are separated by the: | horizontal fissure. |
| The fauces, one of the seven openings found in the pharynx, opens into the: | oropharynx |
| Which of the following lists the correct sequence of air as it passes through the nose into the pharynx? | Anterior nares vestibule inferior, middle, and superior meatus posterior nares |
| The function of surfactant is to: | prevent each alveolus from collapsing as air moves in and out during respiration. |
| The more common name for the pharynx is the: | throat |
| The lower border of the cavity of the larynx is formed by the: | cricoid cartilage. |
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