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Miranda Shelton
Physiology - Midterm Stack
| Agonist | Prime mover -the muscle the performs a specific movement |
| Antagonist | Muscle that opposes or reverses a prime mover |
| Synergist | Muscle that aids a prime mover in a movement and helps prevent rotation |
| Fixator | Stabilizes the origin of a prime mover |
| Flexion | Decreases the angle of a joint |
| Extension | Straightening of a joint |
| Abduction | Movement away from the midline of the body |
| Adduction | Movement toward the midline of the body |
| Supination | Movement that turns the palm up |
| Levels of organization in the body: | Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism |
| Anatomical position | Body erect with arms at sides and palms forward, head and feet facing forward |
| Superior | Toward the head, upper, above |
| Inferior | Toward the feet, lower, below |
| Anterior | Front, in front of |
| Posterior | Back, in back of |
| Medial | Towards the middle |
| Lateral | Away from the midline or toward the side of a structure |
| Proximal | Toward or nearest the trunk, or nearest the point of origin of a structure |
| Distal | Away from or farthest from the trunk, or farthest from a structure’s point of origin |
| Diffusion | The net movement of molecules from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. |
| A chemical that reduces the amount of activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction is a(n): | Catalyst |
| Glycolysis occurs in what part of the cell? | Cytoplasm |
| In the DNA molecule, a sequence of three base pairs forms a(n): | Codon |
| A membrane carrier structure attracts a solute to a binding site, changes shape, and releases the solute on the other side of the cell membrane. This describes the process of: | Carrier-mediated transport |
| Phases of mitosis: | Interphase (prep DNA), prophase (begin division), metaphase (in the middle), anaphase (apart), telophase (new envelope) |
| Protein Synthesis: | Transcription (unzip, happens in nucleus), translation (make in cytoplasm) |
| Sodium potassium pump | 3 sodium ions are taken out of the cell |
| DNA base pairings | Adenine - Thymine Guanine - Cytosine |
| RNA base pairings | Adenine - Uracil Guanine - Cytosine |
| Glycogen | Carbohydrate known as animal starch |
| Examples of steroids: | Cortisone, estrogen & testosterone |
| The small water channels in the cell membrane are called: | Aquaporins |
| Synonymous with tumor: | Neoplasm |
| The cell process in which microorganisms or other large particles are engulfed is called (eat) | Phagocytosis |
| A molecule or other agent that alters enzyme function by changing its shape is called a(n): | allosteric effector |
| Proteins that act as catalysts are called | Enzymes |
| If oxygen is available, the pyruvate molecules formed by glycolysis are prepared to enter the next phase of aerobic cellular respiration, called the: | Citric acid cycle |
| Meiosis | Occurs in primitive sex cells, called “reduction division” because the number of chromosomes is reduced by half |
| Glycolysis occurs in what part of the cell? | Cytoplasm |
| The lipid that is often referred to as a tissue hormone is: | Prostaglandin |
| Which level of protein structure refers to the number, kind, and sequence of amino acids? | Primary |
| Components of a feedback control loop: | Sensor mechanism, integrator (control system), effector, feedback |
| Prostaglandins and steroids share which of the following characteristics? | Both have a ring structure in their molecule. |
| Which lipid acts as a “tissue hormone”? | Prostaglandin |
| The formation of sucrose involves the removal of a molecule of water. This is called: | dehydration synthesis |
| The waxy secretion in the external ear canal is: | ceruminous |
| In which skin layer does the process of keratinization begin? | Stratum granulosum |
| Which cells of the skin act as a type of antigen-presenting cell in the skin? | Dendritic cells |
| Fingernail growth is the result of the mitosis of the cells in the stratum: | germinativum |
| Function of connective tissue: | Support, defense & transport |
| Function of adipose tissue: | Insulation, supports & protects kidneys & stores excess food |
| Which cells help destroy pathogens and damaged tissue in the brain? | Microglia |
| Which tissue is most likely to form a keloid scar as it heals? | connective tissue |
| Connective tissue forms from stem cell tissue called: | mesenchyme |
| Which cells form the blood-brain barrier that protects the brain from harmful substances in the blood? | Astrocytes |
| Areolar tissue usually contains which types of cells in the greatest number? | Fibroblasts |
| Hematopoietic tissue can be found in the: | Bones |
| The area referred to as true skin is the: | Dermis |
| Which type of connective tissue helps newborns maintain body temperature by producing heat? | Brown fat |
| Why is cartilage slow to heal? | Because it is semi-solid and flexibleand it does not have a blood supply |
| Bones grow in diameter due to bone formation in: | In the endosteum or periosteum |
| Zones in the epiphyseal plate: | Calcification, maturation, proliferation, reserved |
| Axial Skeleton | Skull, vertebral column, sternum & ribs |
| Appendicular skeleton | Upper and lower extremities |
| Which of the following provide flexibility and smooth surfaces for movement? | Cartilage |
| The fontenelles of an infant's skull consists of: | fibrous membrane |
| The ulna articulates proximally with the: | Humerus |
| The humerus articulates proximally with the: | Scapula |
| The cells responsible for active erosion of bone minerals are called: | Osteoclasts |
| A condition that is caused by an abnormally increased roundness in the thoracic curvature is: | kyphosis |
| Zones of the epiphyseal plate: | 1) Resting zone 2)Proliferating zone 3) Hypertrophy zone 4)Ossification zone |
| The primary ossification center of a long bone is located | In the diaphysis |
| Calcification of the organic bone matrix occurs when: | Complex calcium salts are deposited in the matrix. |
| In bone formation, the cells that produce the organic matrix are the: | Osteoblasts |
| Extensibility | The muscle’s ability to stretch or extend and to return to its resting length |
| Proteins that make up myofibrils: | Myosin, actin, tropomyosin & troponin |
| Which subtype of fibrous joints is found only in the skull? | Suture |
| Anaerobic respiration results in the formation of an incompletely catabolized molecule called: | Lactate |
| Which type of movement occurs between the carpal and tarsal bones and between the articular facets of adjoining spinal vertebrae? | Gliding |
| The joint present during the growth years between the epiphyses of a long bone and its diaphysis is the | synchrondrosis |
| Bursa | closed pillow-like structure found in some synovial joints |
| Which of the following accurately describes the direction of an impulse moving through a neuron that carries information to the central nervous system (CNS) from the peripheral nervous system (PNS)? | An afferent neuron, impulse moving proximally. |
| Temporal summation | When neurotransmitters from synaptic knobs stimulate a postsynaptic neuron in rapid succession, their effect can add up over a brief period to produce an action potential. |
| The active transport mechanism in the plasma membrane that transports sodium and potassium ions in opposite directions and at different rates is the | Sodium-potassium pump - 3 sodium out 2 potassium in |
| The difference between sodium and potassium in the generation of action potential is that: | sodium causes depolarization of the cell membrane, and potassium causes repolarization of the cell membrane. |
| The action potential seems to “leap” from node to node along a myelinated fiber. This type of impulse regeneration is called __________ conduction. | Saltatory |
| Whether an impulse is continued through the neuron depends on the magnitude of the voltage in the: | Axon Hillock |
| Membrane potential | The difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a membrane |
| The magnitude of the action potential peaks when the _____ channels close. | Sodium |
| Resting and peak action potentials | -70 and 30 mV |
| The tiny bulge at the end of a terminal branch of a presynaptic neuron’s axon is called a(n) | Synaptic knob |
| Which membrane receptor acts to directly change ion permeability when stimulated? | Gated-channel receptor |
| Which of the following antidepressants acts by blocking the action of monoamine oxidase (MAO)? | Phenelzine |
| The neurotransmitter(s) that inhibit(s) the conduction of pain impulses is(are): | enkephalins |
| For a neurotransmitter to produce an inhibitory postsynaptic potential, which of the following channels must open? | Potassium and/or chloride channels |
| Dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine are classified as: | catecholamines. |
| Within the nervous system, coding for the strength of a stimulus is accomplished through: | the frequency of nerve impulses. |
| Fastest nerve impulse & slowest | 130 and .5 |
| The first event to occur when an adequate stimulus is applied to a neuron is: | some of the sodium channels at the point of stimulation open. |
| Which neuron could transmit a nerve impulse the fastest? | A large-diameter neuron with myelin |
| Serotonin is an example of a(n): | amine neurotransmitter. |
| Severe depression can be caused by a deficit in certain brain synapses of: | neuropeptides. |
Created by:
mshelton724
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