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Endocrine Lab
Potential crap on the endocrine lab test
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Endocrine organ (gland) | Any of several diverse ductless glands that play a major role in maintaining the body’s homeostasis through the secretion of hormones into the bloodstream |
| Hormone | Chemical messengers secreted into the bloodstream by endocrine glands that initiate a change in a target cell |
| Target tissue | Tissue that contains the cells with receptors for a particular hormone |
| Negative feedback | A mechanism in which a deviation in a physiological variable triggers a response that restores the variable to its set point; when the set point is restored, the response decreases |
| Hypothalamus | The inferior portion of the diencephalon; releases hormones that stimulate or inhibit the anterior pituitary and two hormones (ADH and oxytocin) stored in the posterior pituitary |
| Anterior pituitary | Anterior portion of the pituitary gland; secretes hormones that largely affect other glands |
| Posterior pituitary | Posterior portion of the pituitary gland; stores ADH and oxytocin produced by the hypothalamus |
| Thyroid gland | Gland located in the anteroinferior neck; composed of thyroid follicles that produce thyroid hormone and calcitonin |
| Parathyroid glands | Three to five small glands located on the posterior thyroid gland; secrete parathyroid hormones that maintain calcium ion homeostasis |
| Pineal gland | Small gland located in the posterior/superior diencephalon; secretes melatonin in response to decreased light levels |
| Thymus gland | Gland located in the superior mediastinum; largest and most active during infancy and childhood when it is actively secreting thymosin and thymopoietin |
| Pancreas | Endocrine and exocrine gland that secretes insulin and glucagon from pancreatic islets |
| Adrenal cortex | Superficial region of the adrenal gland; consists of glandular tissue that secretes steroid hormones |
| Adrenal medulla | The deep region of the adrenal gland that consists of modified sympathetic neurons that secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine in response to sympathetic stimulation |
| Ovaries | Female reproductive organs that produce estrogens and progesterone |
| Testes | Male reproductive organs that produce testosterone |
| Antidiuretic hormone: Organ That Secretes the Hormone,Target Tissue(s),Main Effects | Posterior pituitary (made by the hypothalamus); Collecting and papillary ducts of the kidneys; Increased water reabsorption |
| Oxytocin: Organ That Secretes the Hormone,Target Tissue(s),Main Effects | Posterior pituitary (made by the hypothalamus); Milk ducts and uterus; Milk ejection, uterine contraction |
| Thyroid-stimulating hormone: Organ That Secretes the Hormone,Target Tissue(s),Main Effects | Anterior pituitary; Thyroid gland; Production and secretion of thyroid hormone, growth of thyroid gland |
| Adrenocorticotropic hormone: Organ That Secretes the Hormone,Target Tissue(s),Main Effects | Anterior pituitary; Adrenal cortex; Stimulates secretion of cortisol (and somewhat aldosterone) |
| Growth hormone: Organ That Secretes the Hormone,Target Tissue(s),Main Effects | Anterior pituitary; Nearly all body cells; Stimulates protein synthesis and cell division; increases blood glucose (short-term effect only,decreases blood glucose in the long-term), stimulates lipolysis (short-term effect only) |
| Prolactin: Organ That Secretes the Hormone,Target Tissue(s),Main Effects | Anterior pituitary; Mammary gland; Stimulates milk production |
| Melatonin: Organ That Secretes the Hormone,Target Tissue(s),Main Effects | Pineal gland; Reticular formation in the brainstem; Regulates sleep-wake cycle |
| Triiodothyonine&Thyroxine (T3&T4): Organ That Secretes the Hormone,Target Tissue(s),Main Effects | Thyroid gland; Most body cells; Increases metabolic rate and heat production, promotes growth and development |
| Calcitonin: Organ That Secretes the Hormone,Target Tissue(s),Main Effects | Thyroid gland; Bone; Decreases concentration of calcium ions in the blood by stimulating osteoblasts |
| Thymosin and thymopoietin: Organ That Secretes the Hormone,Target Tissue(s),Main Effects | Thymus;T lymphocytes in the thymus; Stimulates maturation of T lymphocytes |
| Parathyroid hormone: Organ That Secretes the Hormone,Target Tissue(s),Main Effects | Parathyroid glands; Bone, kidneys, small intestine; Increases concentration of calcium ions in the blood by stimulating: osteoclasts, increased absorption of calcium ions from the intestines, and reabsorption of calcium ions from the kidneys |
| Cortisol: Organ That Secretes the Hormone,Target Tissue(s),Main Effects | Adrenal cortex; Most body cells, particularly cells of the liver,adipocytes, and muscle cells; Helps the body adapt to a stressor by triggering gluconeogenesis, lipolysis, release of amino acids into the blood, decreasing inflammation |
| Aldosterone: Organ That Secretes the Hormone,Target Tissue(s),Main Effects | Adrenal cortex; Cells of the distal tubules of the kidneys; Increases reabsorption of sodium (Na+) ions (and water, indirectly) and secretion of potassium (K+) and hydrogen (H+) ions from the kidneys |
| Epinephrine and Norepinephrine: Organ That Secretes the Hormone,Target Tissue(s),Main Effects | Adrenal medulla; Most body cells; Causes the same effects as the sympathetic nervous system |
| Insulin: Organ That Secretes the Hormone,Target Tissue(s),Main Effects | Pancreas; Liver, adipocytes, muscle; Causes glucose uptake into cells to decrease blood glucose |
| Glucagon: Organ That Secretes the Hormone,Target Tissue(s),Main Effects | Pancreas; Liver, adipocytes, muscle; Increases blood glucose through glycogenotysis, gluconeogenesis, stimulates lipolysis |
| The hypothalamus communicates with the ______ via the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system. | anterior pituitary gland |
| T/F? Insulin triggers actions that raise the concentration of glucose in the blood. | False: It lowers the concentration |
| T/F? Interstitial cells within the testes produce testosterone. | True |
| T/F? Aldosterone is the adrenal hormone responsible for the stress response. | False: Cortisol is the hormone |
| T/F? Parathyroid hormone triggers actions that lower the concentration of calcium ions in the blood. | False: Parathyroid raises the concentration |
| T/F? The posterior pituitary produces no hormones of its own. | True |
| Pineal gland hormone(s) | Melatonin |
| Thyroid gland hormone(s) | Thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin |
| Pancreas hormone(s) | Insulin and glucagon |
| Thymus hormone(s) | Thymosin and thymopoietin |
| Hypothalamus hormone(s) | Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin |
| Adrenal cortex hormone(s) | Aldosterone and cortisol |
| Anterior pituitary hormone(s) | Follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, melanocyte stimulating hormone, prolactin, human growth hormone |
| Adrenal Medulla hormone(s) | Epinephrine and norepinephrine |
Created by:
Devtemrys
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