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Chapter 1
Here's a variety of ways to study the important terms/ information in Chapter 1!
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | The study of the structure of an organism. |
| Dissection | The cutting of parts of an organism. |
| Physiology | The study of the function of the living organism and its parts. |
| Applied/ clinical anatomy | Application of anatomical study for the diagnosis and treatment of disease. |
| Descriptive/ systemic anatomy | Description of he individual parts of the body w/out reference to disease conditions. |
| Gross anatomy | Structures visible w.out the aid of microscopy |
| Microscopic anatomy | Structures not visible to the eye |
| Surface/ superficial anatomy | Study of the form and structure of the surface of the body, especially with the reference to the organs beneath the surface |
| Developmental anatomy | The continual development of an organism |
| Pathological anatomy | Study of disease conditions or structural abnormalities |
| Comparative anatomy | Similarities and differences across the animal kingdom |
| Electrophysiological techniques | Measure the electrical activity of single cells or groups of cells, including muscle and nervous system tissues |
| Cytology | Study of structure and function of cells |
| Histology | Microscopic study of cells and tissues |
| Osteology | Study of structure and function of bones |
| Myology | Study of muscle form and function |
| Arthrology | Study the joints that unite bones |
| Angiology | Study of blood vessels and the lymphatic system |
| Neurology | Study of diseases of the nervous system |
| Anatomical position | Erect body w/ palms, arms, and hands face forward |
| Axial skeleton | Refers to the head and trunk of the body |
| Appendicular skeleton | Refers to the lower and upper limbs of the body |
| Neuraxis | Axis of the brain |
| Frontal | Divides body into front and back sections |
| Midsagittal/ sagittal | Divides body into left and right halves |
| Anterior | Refers to frontal surface of body; also known as ventral |
| Posterior | Refers to the rear surface of the body; also known as dorsal |
| Rostral | Refers to toward the head |
| Peripheral | Away from the center to another |
| Superficial | On or near surface |
| Deep | Further from surface |
| External | Outside |
| Internal | Within |
| Distal | Away from midline of body |
| Proximal | Toward midline of the body |
| Prone | Body in horizontal position w/ face down |
| Supine | Body in horizontal position w/ face up |
| Lateral | Toward the side |
| Flexion | Bending of a joint |
| Extension | Stretching of joint |
| Hyperextension | Extreme extension |
| Dorsiflexion | Flexion that brings dorsal surfaces into closer proximity |
| Plantar/ Plantarflexion | sole of foot; flexion of toes |
| Inversion | Inward to body |
| Eversion | Outward from body |
| Palmar | Refers to the palm of the hand |
| Pronate | Prone position of the palm |
| Supinate | Supine position of the palm |
| Ipsilateral | same side |
| Thorax | Chest region |
| abdomen | region represented externally as the belly |
| Dorsal trunk | the region commonly referred to as the back of the body |
| Pelvis | the area formed by the sacrum, coccyx, and innominate bones of the body |
| Cranial portion | the part of the skull that houses the brain and its components |
| Facial part | the part of the skull that houses the mouth, pharynx, nasal cavity, and structures related to the upper airway and mastication |
| Lower extremity | portion of the body made up of the thigh, leg, ankle, and foot |
| Epithelial tissue | superficial (outer) layer of mucous membranes and the cells constituting the skin, as well as the linings of major body cavities and all of the “tubes” that pass into, out of, and through the body |
| Baseplate/ basement membrane | the tissue that underlies the epithelium, which is made predominantly of collagen |
| Connective tissue | Tissue that has the pmurpose to support and protect |
| Matrix | material that holds or constrains another material. Intercellular material |
| Interstitial | Space or gap in tissue |
| Fibrous tissue | binds structures together |
| Fibrocartilage | connective tissue fibers that contain collagen, providing a cushioning for structure |
| Collagenous/ reticular fibers | Provide a flexible structure to fibrous connective tissue |
| elastic fibers | provide recoil to this tissue where needed. |
| Blood | connective tissue comprised of plasma and blood cells suspended in this plasma matri |
| Bone | the hardest of the connective tissues |
| compact bone | bone characterized microscopically by its lamellar or sheet-like structure |
| spongy bone | bone that appears porous, and contains marrow that produces red and white blood cell |
| Fibroblast | responsible for production of the extracellular matrix, so are able to synthesize and secrete protein |
| Muscle tissue | specialized contractile tissue |
| Striated muscle | striped muscle appearance |
| Smooth muscle | muscle that is found in the viscera, including digestive tract and blood vessels |
| Cardiac muscle | muscle of the heart, composed of cells that interconnect in a net-like fashion |
| Nervous tissue | highly specialized communicative tissue consisting of neurons or nerve cells |
| Neurons | nerve cell tissue whose function is to transmit information from one neuron to another, from neurons to muscles, or from sensory receptors to other neural structures |
| Organs | tissue of the body with functional utility |
| Muscle | contractile tissue; attached to bones |
| Fascia | surrounds organs, being a sheet-like membrane that may be either dense or nearly transparent, thin or thick |
| Ligament | connective tissue that binds bone to bone |
| Aponeurosis | sheet- like tendon |
| articulation | the point of union between two structure |
| Fibrous (synathrodial) joints | joints that are connected by fibrous tissue; immobile |
| Cartilaginous (thyroidal) joints | joints in which cartilage serves to connect two bones |
| Synovial (diarthrodial) joints | a type of diarthrodial joint that has encapsulated fluid as a cushion |
| Syndesmosis | bound by fibrous ligaments but have little movement |
| Sutures | immobile joints between plates of bone |
| Articular capsule | the fibrous connective tissue covering of a synovial joint |
| Plane synovial joints | joints with mating surfaces that are predominantly flat |
| Condylar joints | a shallow ball-and-socket joint with limited mobility |
| Trochoid joint | a joint consisting of a process and fossa, permitting only rotation |
| Saddle joint | a ball- and-socket joint in which the concave member rests on an elongated convex member |
| Hinge joint | a joint that acts like a hinge, permitting only flexion and extension |
| Epimysium | Surrounds muscles |
| Agonists/ prime mover | muscle contracted for purpose of a specific motor act (as contrasted to the antagonist) |
| Antagonist | a muscle that opposes the contraction of another muscle |
| Fixators | muscles that stabilize structures through contraction |
| Isometric | muscle action that does not result in movement |
| Innervation | stimulation of a muscle, gland or structure by means of a nerve *afferent nerve- sensory efferent nerve- excitatory |
| Muscle | contractile tissue, with muscle bundles capable of shortening to about half their length |
| System | a functionally defined group of organs |
| Muscular system | the anatomical system that includes smooth, striated, and cardiac muscle |
| Skeletal system | the anatomical system that includes the bones and cartilages that make up the body |
| Respiratory system | the physical system involved in respiration, including the lungs, bronchial passageway, trachea, larynx, pharynx, oral cavity, and nasal cavity |
| Reproductive system | the system of the body involved in reproduction |
| Urinary system | the body system including kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra |
| Endocrine system | the system involved in production and dissemination of hormones |
| Nervous system | the system of nervous tissue, comprising the central and peripheral nervous systems |
| Speech systems | includes respiratory, phonatory, articulatory, resonatory, and nervous systems |
| Phonatory system | the system including the laryngeal structures through which phonation is achieved |
| Articulatory system | in speech science, the system of structures involved in shaping the oral cavity for production of the sounds of speech |
| Resonatory system | the portion of the vocal tract through which the acoustical product of vocal fold vibration resonates (usually the oral, pharyngeal, and nasal cavities combined; sometimes referring only to the nasal cavities and nasopharynx) |
| Central nervous system | portion of the nervous system comprised of the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, thalamus, basal ganglia, brain stem, and spinal cord |
| Peripheral nervous system | portion of the nervous system serving the peripheral body |
| Cranial nerves | peripheral nervous system components arising from the brain stem that innervate primarily the structures associated with speech and hearing |
| Cerebral cortex | the highest integrating system of the nervous system, responsible for conscious thought and voluntary action |
| Brain stem | the subcortical region including the medulla, pons, and midbrain |
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accromartie
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