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Anatomy Ch 10 Part 2
This time with special senses and some eye stuff
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Sensory receptors: | collect information from the environment, and relay it to the CNS on sensory neurons; link nervous system to internal and external changes or events;can be specialized cells or multicellular structures |
| Sensation: | A feeling that occurs when brain becomes aware of sensory information |
| Perception: | The way the brain interprets the sensory information |
| 5 types of sensory receptors in the body: | Chemoreceptors, Pain receptors (nociceptors), Thermoreceptors, Mechanoreceptors, Photoreceptors |
| Chemoreceptors: | Respond to changes in chemical concentrations (smell, taste, oxygen concentration) |
| Nociceptors: | Respond to tissue damage (mechanical, electrical, thermal energy) |
| Thermoreceptors: | Respond to moderate changes in temperature |
| Mechanoreceptors: | Respond to mechanical forces that distort receptor (touch, tension, blood pressure, stretch) |
| Photoreceptors: | Respond to light (eyes) |
| Somatesthetic senses– | sensors located over wide areas of the body–Information usually conducted to the spinal cord first (then possibly the brain) |
| Special Senses– | Changes detected only by specialized sense organs in the head–Information conducted directly to the brain |
| Iris– | Thin ring of pigmented muscle in front of lens |
| Pupil– | opening at center of the iris- Muscles alter pupil size, thus amount of light passing into the eye |
| Radial muscles | open pupil to let in more light (sympathetic) |
| Circular muscles | close pupil in bright light (parasympathetic) |
| Lens– | Solid but pliable transparent body–Used to focus light on the retina |
| Ciliary Body– | Ring-shaped smooth muscle encircling lens;Linked to lens by suspensory ligaments–Adjusts shape of lens to focus light |
| Retina | Lining of the vitreous chamber–Contains photoreceptors |
| Fovea centralis | point where light from the center of the visual field is focused;high density of cone cells |
| Optic disc | where optic nerve joins the eye;no photoreceptors - “blind spot” |
| Accommodation | Changing lens shape to focus light from objects at different distances on the retina;Achieved by contracting ciliary body to different degrees |
| Far objects accommodation | light from object enters eye from narrow range of angles; ciliary body relaxes, suspensory ligament is taut, lens stretched; less convex, less bending of light |
| Near objects accommodation | light from object enters eye from wide range of angles; ciliary body contracts, lens recoils; more convex, more bending of light |
| Rods | More numerous than cones; Cannot distinguish different colors; Highly sensitive to light (low light levels detected); Low visual acuity (image not as sharp) |
| Cones | Found mainly in fovea centralis; Can distinguish among colors; Low light sensitivity (need more light to see with cones); High acuity (image is sharper) |
| Colour Blindness: | 1 in 12 men, 1 in 200 women; X chromosome based disorder inherited from mother, but can be from other diseases like diabetes; most common is red/green blindness |
| Astigmatism | Defective curvature of the cornea or lens of the eye.;This causes light rays to be unevenly and not sharp focused on the retina, so that the image is distorted.; A cylindrical lens is used to correct this problem |
| Hypermetropia | Farsightedness, the eyeball in this condition is too short. ;Parallel rays of light tend to focus behind the retina, which results in a blurred image.; It is corrected by convex lens |
| Presbyopia | Impairment of vision as a result of old age.; Usually corrected with bifocal lens |
| Myopia | Nearsightedness, they eyeball is too long (front to back).; The image perceived is blurred because the light rays are focused in front of the retina.; Corrected by concave lens |
| Nystagmus | Involuntary eye movement; Nystagmus is a vision condition in which the eyes make repetitive, uncontrolled movements.; These movements often result in reduced vision and depth perception and can affect balance and coordination. |
| Cutaneous Sensor/Skin Structure | Heat, cold, and pain- Thermoreceptors & nociceptors; Free dendritic endings of sensory neurons |
| Smell (Olfaction) | Detection of chemicals in vapor state; Olfactory receptors are bipolar neurons–Dendrite extends into nasal epithelium and ends in a ciliated knob |
| Odorants bind to... | receptor proteins on cilia–Depolarizes olfactory receptor |
| APs in olfactory receptor axons travel to ... | olfactory bulb |
| Info relayed to olfactory cortex in the _____, and _____ | Temporal lobe; limbic system |
| Auditory ossicles | act as sound amps; Malleus against tympanic membrain, incus and stapes linked to oval window |
| Cochlea | snail-shell like structure divided into three fluid-filled parts. 2 are canals for transmission of pressure.The third is the sensitive organ of Corti;detects pressure impulses & responds w/ electrical impulses which travel along auditory nerve to brain |
| Equilibrium | Sense changes in position and motion of the head–balance and coordination of body movement |
| Hair cells | Housed within the membranous labyrinth; Bending hair cells alters membrane potential |
Created by:
Devtemrys
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