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Anatomy Ch 10
Nervous system crap and other junk
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Neurons: | react to changes, send nerve impulses for communication |
| Neuroglia | surround and support neurons, nourish neurons, send and receive messages, help maintain blood brain barrier |
| CNS: | Brain, spinal cord |
| PNS: | Cranial nerves, spinal nerves (bring info or take away from all over body) |
| Somatic Nervous System: | Motor division of PNS; skeletal muscles |
| Autonomic Nervous System: | Motor division of PNS; Smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, glands |
| Sensory function of nervous system | Nervous system receives info, Sensory receptors gather info by detecting changes, Info is carried to the cns |
| Integrative function of nervous system | Nervous system coordinates sensory info to create sensations, memory, thoughts; Nervous system makes decisions on body’s response to sensory info |
| Motor functions of nervous system | decisions are acted upon, Impulses are carried to effectors (muscles or glands) |
| Neurons vary in... | size and shape; may differ in length and size of their axons and dendrites |
| Cell body (soma): | contains nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles, neurofilaments, chromatophilic substance (Nissl bodies) |
| Dendrites: | branched receptive surfaces; a neuron may have many |
| Axon: | transmits impulses and releases neurotransmitters to another neuron or effector (another neuron, a muscle cell or a gland cell); a neuron may have only 1 axon |
| Schwann cells structures: | PNS neuroglia that encase axons; myelin, myelin sheath |
| The speed of impulse conduction varies with... | myelination |
| Axon diameter | affects conduction speed; thick axons transmit faster than thin axons |
| Multipolar neurons: | 99% of neurons,Many processes,Most neurons of CNS |
| Bipolar neurons: | Two processes;Eyes, ears, nose |
| Unipolar neurons: | One process,Cell bodies are in ganglia,Sensory |
| Sensory Neurons: | Afferent neurons, Carry impulse to CNS, Most are unipolar, Some are bipolar |
| Interneurons: | Association neurons, Link neurons, Multipolar, Located in CNS |
| Motor Neurons: | Multipolar, efferent;Carry impulses away from CNS, Carry impulses to effectors |
| Synapse | a site at which a neuron transmits a nerve impulse to another neuron |
| Presynaptic neuron | sends impulse |
| Postsynaptic neuron | receives impulse |
| Synaptic Transmission | Impulse travels down axon presynaptic neuron to axon terminal;Impulse reaches synaptic knob cause influx of Ca+2 ions;Release of neurotransmitters from synaptic vesicles by exocytosis; Neurotrans exert excitatory/inhibitory effect postsynaptic neuron |
| Convergence: | One neuron receives input from several neurons from different types of sensory receptors. Makes it possible for a neuron to sum impulses from different sources. |
| Divergence: | One neuron sends impulses to several neurons via branching of its axon;Can amplify an impulse.;Impulse from a single neuron in CNS may activate several motor units in a skeletal muscle |
| Brain consists of: | 2 cerebral hemispheres, diencephalon, brainstem, cerebellum |
| Both brain and spinal cord connect to... | the peripheral nervous system (PNS) is by way of peripheral nerves |
| Meninges: | membranes that protect brain and spinal cord; lie between bone and soft tissues of nervous system |
| 3 layers of meninges: | Dura matter, Arachnoid matter, Pia matter |
| Dura mater: | Outer layer;Tough, dense connective tissue;Dural sinuses;Epidural space |
| Arachnoid mater: | Middle layer; weblike;Subarachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) |
| Pia mater: | Inner layer; attached to surface of brain, spinal cord;Blood vessels & nerves;Nourishes CNS |
| CFS produced in... | 4 ventricles |
| Ventricles: | are continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord;They are filled with CSF |
| The 4 ventricles: | 2 Lateral ventricles (called the first and second ventricles);Third ventricle;Fourth ventricle |
| Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) | Secreted by the choroid plexuses,special capillaries.;Selective transfer of substances from the blood to form CSF;Nutritive and protective;After exchanging substances, CSF is absorbed by the arachnoid granulations |
| Major portions of the brain: | Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Cerebellum, Brainstem |
| Largest part of brain | Cerebrum |
| Cerebral hemispheres: | 2 halves, separated by falx cerebri |
| Corpus callosum: | Connects cerebral hemispheres |
| Gyri: | Ridges or convolutions |
| Sulci: | Shallow grooves in surface [Central sulcus ] |
| Fissures: | Deep grooves in surface |
| Longitudinal fissure | separates the cerebral hemispheres |
| Transverse fissure | separates cerebrum from cerebellum |
| 5 lobes of the cerebral hemispheres: | Frontal lobe, Parietal lobe, Temporal lobe, Occipital lobe, Insula (Island of Reil) ; named for the bones they underlie |
| Cerebral cortex is responsible for higher mental functions: | Interpreting impulses from sensory organs; Initiating voluntary movements; Storing information as memory; Retrieving stored information; Reasoning; Seat of intelligence and personality |
| Cutaneous sensory area: | Parietal lobe;Interprets sensations on skin |
| Sensory speech area (Wernicke’s area): | Temporal /parietal lobe;Usually left hemisphere;Understanding and formulating language |
| Visual area: | Occipital lobe;Interprets vision |
| Auditory area | Temporal lobe;interprets hearing |
| Sensory area for taste: | Near base of the central sulcus; Includes part of insula |
| Sensory area for smell: | Arises from centers deep within temporal lobes |
| Association Areas of the Cortex: | Regions that are not primarily motor or sensory;Connect to each other and to other structures in the brain;Widespread throughout the cerebral cortex;Analyze and interpret sensory experiences;Provide memory, reasoning, verbalization, judgment, emotions |
| Primary motor areas: | Frontal lobes;Control voluntary muscles;Most nerve fibers cross over in brainstem |
| Broca’s area: | Anterior to primary motor cortex;Usually in left hemisphere; Controls muscles needed for speech |
| Frontal eye field: | Above Broca’s area;Controls voluntary movements of eyes and eyelids |
| Dominant hemisphere controls: | Language skills of speech, writing, reading;Verbal, analytical, and computational skills |
| Nondominant hemisphere controls: | Nonverbal tasks;Motor tasks;Understanding and interpreting musical and visual patterns;Provides emotional and intuitive thought processes |
| 2 types of memory: | Short-term (working) memory, long-term memory |
| Short-term (working) memory: | Neurons connected in a circuit;Circuit is stimulated over and over;When impulse flow ceases, memory does also unless it enters long-term memory via memory consolidation |
| Long-term memory: | Holds more memory than short-term, lasts a lifetime ;Changes structure or function of neurons;Enhances synaptic transmission |
| Basal Nuclei: | Sometimes called basal ganglia;Masses of gray matter deep within cerebral hemispheres;Consist of caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus;Produce dopamine;Help control voluntary movement |
| Diencephalon | Between cerebral hemispheres and above the brainstem; Surrounds the third ventricle;Composed of gray matter |
| Diencephalon structures: | Thalamus; Hypothalamus; Optic tracts; Optic chiasma; Infundibulum; Posterior pituitary; Mammillary bodies; Pineal gland |
| Brainstem consists of: | Midbrain;Pons ;Medulla oblongata |
| Midbrain: | Short section of brainstem;Lies between diencephalon and pons;Contains bundles of fibers that join lower parts of brainstem and spinal cord with higher part of brain |
| Pons: | Rounded bulge on underside of brainstem;Between midbrain and medulla oblongata;Relays impulses from cerebrum to cerebellum |
| Medulla oblongata: | Enlarged continuation of spinal cord;Conducts ascending and descending impulses between brain & spinal cord;Contains cardiac, vasomotor, respiratory control centers;Contains various nonvital reflex control centers (coughing, sneezing,ect) |
| Reticular Formation: | Network of nerve fibers through brain stem;Extends in diencephalon;Connects to centers of hypothalamus, basal nuclei, cerebellum, cerebrum w/ascending&descending tracts;Filters sensory info;Arouses cerebral cortex into wakefulness;Decreased activity=Sleep |
| Non-rapid Eye Movement (Non-REM) Sleep: | Slow wave sleep ;Person is tired;Decreasing activity of reticular formation;Restful and dreamless;Reduced blood pressure and respiratory rate;3 stages, ranging from light to heavy;Alternates with REM sleep |
| Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep: | Paradoxical sleep (because some areas of brain are active) ;Heart and respiratory rates irregular;Dreaming occurs |
| Cerebellum: | Inferior to occipital lobes;Posterior to pons and medulla oblongata;Two hemispheres separated by falx cerebelli;Vermis connects hemispheres;Coordinates skeletal muscle activity;Maintains posture |
| Spinal Cord | column of nervous tissue continuous w/ brain&brainstem;Extends down through vertebral canal;Begins at the foramen magnum & terminates at first& second lumbar vertebrae space;Consists of 31 segments; each gives rise to a pair of spinal nerves |
| Portions of the spinal cord(longitudinal section): | Cervical enlargement;Lumbar enlargement;Conus medullaris;Filum terminale;Cauda equina |
| Structure of the spinal cord (cross section): | White matter- Posterior Funiculus, Lateral funiculus, Anterior funiculus. ; Gray matter- Posterior Horn, Lateral horn, Anterior horn. Other- Central canal, Anterior median fissure, spinal nerve structures, gray commissure, posterior median suculus |
| 2 main functions of the spinal cord: | Center for spinal reflexes;Conduit (pathway) for impulses to and from the brain |
| Ascending tracts | conduct sensory impulses to the brain |
| Descending tracts | conduct motor impulses from the brain to motor neurons reaching muscles and glands |
| Tracts are composed of... | axons |
| Reflex: | Automatic, subconscious response to stimuli within or outside the body |
| Reflex arc: | Neural pathway, consisting of a sensory receptor, 2 or more neurons, and an effector |
| Simple reflex arc | contains only sensory and motor neurons;Most common reflex arc (sensory neuron, interneurons, motor neurons) |
| Monosynaptic (stretch) reflex: | Consists of 2 neurons: sensory and motor; 1 synapse in spinal cord. [Example of a stretch reflex: the knee-jerk reflex]; Helps maintain an upright posture |
| Withdrawal Reflex: | When person touches or steps on something painful; Prevents or limits tissue damage, by removing limb from painful stimulus• |
| Polysynaptic | contains sensory neuron, interneuron, motor neuron• |
| Reciprocal innervation | flexors contract, extensors are inhibited |
| Crossed Extensor Reflex: | During withdrawal reflex, flexors on affected side contract, extensors are inhibited (ipsilateral);At same time, extensors on opposite side (contralateral)contract, flexors are inhibited;Also shifts body weight, so person remains upright |
| Major Ascending (Sensory) Spinal Cord Tracts | Fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus;Spinothalamic tracts;Spinocerebellar tracts |
| Major Descending (Motor)Spinal Cord Tracts: | Corticospinal tracts;Reticulospinal tracts;Rubrospinal tract |
| Sensory nerves: | Conduct impulses into brain or spinal cord |
| Motor nerves: | Conduct impulses to muscles or glands |
| Mixed nerves: | Contain both sensory and motor nerve fibers;Most nerves are mixed nerves;All spinal nerves are mixed nerves (except the first pair) |
| Cranial Nerves: | 12 pairs on underside of brain;Most are mixed nerves ;Some are sensory, associated with special senses;Some are primarily motor, innervate muscles or glands;Most are attached to the brainstem, with 2 exceptions |
| 2 cranial nerves not attached to brainstem: | First pair has fibers that start in the nasal cavity; Second pair originates in eyes, fibers synapse in thalamus |
| Cranial Nerve I | Olfactory Nerve (smell) |
| Cranial Nerve II | Optic Nerve (vision) |
| Cranial Nerve III | Oculomotor Nerve (motor nerve for eyes) |
| Cranial Nerve IV | Trochlear Nerve (small cranial nerves for eyes) |
| Cranial Nerve V | Trigeminal Nerve (mixed cranial nerve w/3 branches) |
| Cranial Nerve VI | Abducens (motor impulses for eye movement) |
| Cranial Nerve VII | Facial Nerve (mixed motor nerve to face expression, tears ect) |
| Cranial Nerve VIII | Vestibulocochlear nerve (acoustic/auditory nerve) |
| Cranial Nerve IX | Glossopharyngeal nerve (mixed nerve of tonsils, part of tongue, pharynx) |
| Cranial Nerve X | Vagus Nerve (mixed ner |
| Cranial Nerve XI | Accessory nerve |
| Cranial Nerve XII | Hypoglossal nerve |
| Spinal Nerves are... | All mixed nerves, except the first pair;Originate from spinal cord;31 pairs |
| 31 pairs of spinal nerves: | 8 cervical nerves, 12 thoracic nerves, 5 lumbar nerves , 5 sacral nerves, 1 coccygeal nerve (Co) |
| Cauda equina: | Formed by descending roots of lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves |
| Dorsal (posterior) root: | Sensory root |
| Ventral (anterior) root: | Motor root;Axons of motor neurons whose cell bodies are in the spinal cord |
| Dermatome: | An area of skin innervated by the sensory nerve fibers of a particular spinal nerve |
| Spinal nerve: | Union of ventral root and dorsal roots•Ventral + dorsal = “mixed” nerve |
| Branches of spinal nerves outside the spinal cord: | Meningeal branch; Dorsal branch/ramus; Ventral branch/ramus; Visceral branch (only in thoracic and lumbar) |
| Nerve plexus: | network formed by ventral rami of spinal nerves;Not in T2 -T12; instead, ventral rami become intercostal nerves;The fibers of various spinal nerves are sorted and recombined, so all fibers heading to same peripheral body part reach it in the same nerve |
| There are 3 nerve plexuses: | Cervical, Brachial, Lumbosacral |
| Cervical plexus: | Formed by ventral rami (branches) of C1-C4 spinal nerves;Lies deep in the neck;Supply muscles and skin of the neck;C3-C4-C5 nerve roots contribute to phrenic nerves, which transmit motor impulses to the diaphragm |
| Brachial plexus: | Formed by ventral branches C5-T1;Lies deep within shoulders;There are 5 branches |
| Brachial plexus 5 branches: | Musculocutaneous nerve, Ulnar nerve ,Median nerves, Radial nerve, Axillary nerve |
| Lumbosacral plexus: | Formed by the anterior branches of L1-S4 roots;Extends from lumbar region into pelvic cavity;mObturator nerve, Femoral nerve, Sciatic nerve |
| Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) function: | Part of the PNS; Functions without conscious effort;Controls visceral activities;Regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands;Helps maintain homeostasis;Helps body respond to stress;Prepares body for exercise, intense physical activity |
| Sensory (afferent) nerve fibers | transmit signals from the viscera and skin to neural centers in CNS |
| Motor (efferent) impulses | travel along 2 efferent nerve fibers which synapse in ganglia outside CNS |
| 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system: | Sympathetic division, Parasympathetic division |
| Sympathetic division function: | Prepares body for ‘fight or flight’ situations; speeds body up ;Most active under energy-requiring, stressful, emergency situations |
| Parasympathetic division function: | Prepares body for ‘resting and digesting’ activities; slows body down;Most active under resting, non-stressful conditions |
| Autonomic Nerve Fibers | All of the neurons are motor (efferent);Somatic motor pathways link CNS and a skeletal muscle fiber via 1 neuron;Autonomic motor pathways contain 2 neurons |
| Preganglionic fibers: | Axons of preganglionic neurons; Neuron cell bodies are in CNS |
| Postganglionic fibers: | Axons of postganglionic neurons; Neuron cell bodies in ganglia;Extend to visceral effector |
| Sympathetic Division: | Thoracolumbar division;Preganglionic fibers originate in spinal cord, leave via ventral roots, leave spinal nerves through white rami &enter sympatheticchain (paravertebral) ganglia; |
| sympathetic trunks | Sympathetic chain ganglia + fibers that connect them make up this |
| Parasympathetic division: | Craniosacral division ;Preganglionic neurons originate in brainstem & S2–S4 spinal levels;Preganglionic fibers extend on cranial or sacral nerves to terminalganglia;Short postganglionic fibers continue to specific muscles or glands |
| Preganglionic fibers of the head | included in oculomotor (III), facial (VII), and glossopharyngeal (IX) nerves |
| Preganglionic fibers of thorax and abdomen | are parts of vagus (X) nerve, which contains ~75% of all parasympathetic fibers |
| Preganglionic fibers of sacral (S2 – S4) region of spinal cord | carry impulses to pelvic viscera |
| Cholinergic neurons: | Release acetylcholine;All preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers;Postganglionic parasympathetic fibers |
| Adrenergic neurons: | Release norepinephrine (noradrenaline);Most postganglionic sympathetic fibers |
| Control of Autonomic Activity | Controlled largely by the hypothalamus;Control of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is involuntary |
Created by:
Devtemrys
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