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Upper Extremities
Anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Muscles of Posterior Forearm: Superficial Muscles | Brachioradialis, Extensor carpi radialis longus, Extensor carpi radialis brevis, Extensor Carpi Ulnaris, Extensor Digitorum, Extensor digiti minimi |
| Mx of Pectoral Region | Pectoralis Major, Pectoralis Minor, Serratus Anterior |
| Extrinsic Back Muscles | Trapezius, Rhomboid Major, Rhomboid Minor, Levator Scapulae, Latissimus dorsi |
| Rotator Cuff | Subscapularis, Teres Minor, Infraspinatus, Supraspinatus |
| Not part of rotator cuff: | Teres Major |
| Intrinsic shoulder muscles | Deltoid; rotator cuff muscles; Teres Major |
| Muscles of Anterior Arm | Biceps brachii, Coracobrachialis, Brachialis |
| Muscles of Posterior Arm | Triceps Brachii |
| Muscles of Anterior Forearm: Superficial Muscles | Pronator Teres, Flexor Carpi Radialis, Palmaris Longus, Flexor Carpi Ulnaris, Flexor digitorum superficialis |
| Muscles of Anterior Forearm: Deep Muscles | Flexor Digitorum Profundus, Flexor pollicis longus, Pronator quadratus |
| Muscles of Posterior Forearm: Deep Muscles | Extensor indicis, Extensor pollicis longus, Extensor pollicis brevis, Abductor pollicis longus, Supinator |
| Hypothenar Muscles | Abductor digiti minimi, Flexor digiti minimi brevis, Opponens digiti minimi |
| Muscles of Central Compartment | Adductor pollicis, Lumbricals, Palmar interossei, Dorsal interossei |
| Superficial Muscles of Posterior Forearm: | Brachioradialis, ECRL, ECRB, ECU, extensor digitorum, extensor digiti minimi |
| Anterior forearm: Superficial compartment | Originate from medial epicondyle of humerus; Cross elbow |
| Anterior forearm: Deep compartment | Originate from shafts of ulna/ radius & inteross membrane; do not cross elbow |
| Superficial muscles of anterior forearm (lateral to medial) | Pronator teres, FCR, palmaris longus, FCU, FDS |
| Posterior forearm: Superficial compartment | Originate from lateral epicondyle; cross elbow |
| Posterior forearm: Deep compartment | Originate from ulna/radius &inteross membrane; do not cross elbow |
| Movements of the Anterior Forearm | Abduct/ adduct wrist; Flex wrist; Flex MCP/ IP joints; Pronate forearm |
| Movements of the Posterior Forearm | Abduct/ adduct wrist; Extend wrist; Extend MCP/ IP joints; Supinate forearm |
| Three compartments of hand muscles | Thenar (thumb); Hypothenar (little finger); Central (everything else) |
| Compression of median n. (as in carpal tunnel syndrome) causes: | atrophy of thenar eminence |
| Extensors digitorum & digiti minimi form what on dorsal digit surface? | Extensor hoods |
| Palmaris longus is absent in how many people? | 15% |
| Flexor digitorum tendons: tendon of deeper muscle will: | cross more joints |
| Tendons of FDP pass through: | gap in FDS to reach distal phalanx |
| Flexor digitorum tendons: held tightly to digits with: | fibrous digital sheaths |
| Flexor digitorum tendons: Lubrication of tendons provided by: | synovial sheaths |
| Carpal tunnel: roof = | flexor retinaculum |
| Carpal tunnel: Walls/ floor = | carpal arch |
| Carpal tunnel contains 10 structures: | 4 tendons FDS; 4 tendons FDP; 1 tendon FPL; Median n. |
| Extensor retinaculum: function | Holds tendons of extensors in place |
| Extensor retinaculum = | tendons surrounded by synovial sheaths |
| Common site of synovial (ganglionic) cysts | Extensor retinaculum |
| Medial epicondylitis is due to: | overpronation (golfers elbow) |
| Lateral epicondylitis is due to: | oversupination (tennis elbow) |
| Borders of cubital fossa | Lateral: brachioradialis mx; medial: pronator teres mx |
| Contents of cubital fossa | brachial artery; Median n.; median cubital vein. |
| Flexor retinaculum: proximal skin crease = | radiocarpal joint |
| Flexor retinaculum: distal skin crease = | proximal edge of FR |
| Carpals that articulate with radius = | Scaphoid & lunate |
| Most commonly injured carpals | Scaphoid (fracture) & Lunate (dislocation ) |
| Movements of the Fingers | MCP joints: Flexion/ extension; Abduction/ adduction; IP joints: Flexion/ extension |
| Movements of the Thumb | Flexion/ extension; abduction/ adduction; opposition |
| Hand: location of muscles | All muscles on palmar (anterior) surface, none on dorsum |
| Condensation of deep fascia covering palm; anchored to skin = | Palmar aponeurosis |
| Thenar muscles: form the | thenar eminence (base of thumb) |
| Thenar muscles (3) | Abductor pollicis brevis; Flexor pollicis brevis; Opponens pollicis |
| Hypothenar Muscles: form the: | hypothenar eminence |
| Damage to ulnar nerve will cause: | atrophy of hypothenar eminence |
| Anatomical Snuff Box: location | Dorsolateral side of wrist/ hand |
| Anatomical Snuff Box: Lateral border = | extensor pollicis brevis & abductor pollicis longus |
| Anatomical Snuff Box: Medial border = | extensor pollicis longus |
| Anatomical Snuff Box: Floor = | scaphoid |
| Anatomical Snuff Box: Contents = | Radial artery |
| Avulsion injury of extensor digitorum tendon (usually extensor hood) = | Mallet finger |
| Thickening of conn tissue; eventually leads to contracture of digits = | Duputren contracture |
| Brachial a. branches into: | Ulnar a.; Radial a. |
| Ulnar and radial arteries form: | palmar arterial arches (Ulnar = superficial arch; Radial = deep arch) |
| Palmar arterial arches give off: | digital arteries |
| Where brachial a. bifurcates | just distal to cubital fossa |
| Position of superficial veins of forearm | Superficial to deep fascia |
| Dorsal venous network | = superficial veins of forearm (cephalic, basilic, median cubital) |
| Musculocutaneous n.: Motor | anterior arm |
| Musculocutaneous n.: Sensory | Lateral forearm |
| Median nerve: Motor | most of anterior forearm, thenar muscles of hand |
| Median nerve: Sensory | Lateral skin of hand |
| Ulnar nerve: Motor | 1.5 muscles anterior forearm, most muscles of hand |
| Ulnar nerve: Sensory | medial skin of hand |
| Radial nerve: Motor | posterior arm & forearm |
| Radial nerve: Sensory | posterior arm, forearm, and hand |
| All shoulder mx (except trapezius) innervated by: | brachial plexus |
| Serratus anterior innervated by: | long thoracic n. |
| Anterior arm mx (biceps, coracobrachialis, brachialis) innervated by: | musculocutaneous n. |
| Triceps brachii innervated by: | radial n. |
| Innervation of anterior forearm | mostly median |
| Flexor carpi ulnaris innervation | ulnar n. |
| Flexor digitorum profundus innervation | 1/2 from ulnar nerve, 1/2 from median n. |
| Posterior forearm innervation | All from radial n. |
| Thenar muscles innervation | All from median n. |
| Hypothenar muscles innervation | All from ulnar n. |
| Adductor pollicis mx innervation | ulnar n. |
| Lumbrical muscles innervation | Split: 1/2 from median, 1/2 from ulnar |
| Palmara interossei & dorsal interossei mx innervation | ulnar n. |
| Hand: Ulnar nerve: Motor | Hypothenar mx, Palmar/ dorsal interossei, Adductor pollicis, medial 2 lumbricals |
| Hand: Ulnar nerve: Sensory | Medial hand (dorsal & palmar) |
| Hand: Median nerve: Motor | Thenar muscles; Lateral 2 lumbricals |
| Hand: Median nerve: Sensory | Lateral hand |
| Radial n. innervation of hand | Sensory only to postero-lateral hand |
Created by:
Abarnard
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