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chapter 6: eastham
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| contractility | the ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force. |
| excitability | the capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus. |
| extensibility | the ability to be stretched |
| elasticity | ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched. |
| what are the four main characteristics of the skeletal system. | contractility, excitability, elasticity, extensibility |
| epimysium | connective tissue sheath surrounding skeletal muscle. |
| fascia | another connective tissue located outside the epimysium. surrounds and separates muscles. |
| perimysium | loose connective tissue that surrounds muscle fascicle. |
| fibers | muscle cells |
| endomysium | connective tissue surrounding each fiber |
| myofibrils | a threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other |
| actin myofilaments | thin myofilaments |
| myosin myofilaments | thick myofilaments |
| sarcomeres | actin and myosin myofilaments that form highly ordered units |
| resting membrane potential | the charge difference across the membrane |
| action potential | the brief reversal back of the charge |
| motor neurons | nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers |
| neuromuscular junction or synapse | each branch the connects to the muscle |
| motor unit | a single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates |
| presynaptic terminal | enlarged nerve terminal |
| synaptic cleft | the space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell |
| postsynaptic terminal | muscle fiber |
| synaptic vesicles | secretes a neurotransmitter |
| acetylcholine | secreted by synaptic vesicles |
| acetlycholinesterase | released into the synaptic cleft between the neuron and the muscle cell rapidly broken down by enzymes |
| sliding filament mechanism | the sliding actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction |
| muscle twitch | a contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus |
| threshold | a muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until it reaches the threshold |
| all-or-none response | when the muscle fiber reaches the threshold |
| lag phase | the time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction |
| contraction phase | the time of the contraction |
| relaxation phase | the time during which the muscle relaxes |
| tetany | where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing |
| recruitment | the increase in numbers of motor units being activated |
| ATP | needed for energy for muscle contraction |
| ATP | produced in the mitochondria |
| ADP | adenosine diphosphate |
| creatine phosphate | high energy molecule |
| anaerobic respiration | without oxygen |
| aerobic respiration | with oxygen |
| oxygen debt | amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions |
| muscle fatigue | when ATP is used during muscle contraction |
| isometric | equal distance |
| isotonic | equal tension |
| muscle tone | constant tension produced by muscles |
| fast twitch fibers | contract quickly and fatigue quickly |
| slow twitch fibers | contract more slowly |
| origin | head |
| insertion | undergoing the greatest movement |
| belly | between the origin and the insertion |
| some muscles have | multiple origins |
| synergists | muscles that work together |
| antagonists | muscles that work in opposition |
| prime mover | a muscle that plays the major role. |
| occipitofrontalis | raises the eyebrows |
| orbicularis oculi | closes the eyelids |
| orbicularis oris | puckers the lip |
| buccinator | flattens the cheeks |
| zygomaticus | smiling |
| levator labii superioris | sneering |
| depressor anguli oris | frowning |
| mastication | chewing |
| intrinsic tongue muscle | changes the shape |
| extrinsic tongue muscle | moves the tongue |
| sternocleidomastoid | neck muscle and prime mover |
| thoracic muscles | muscles that move the thorax |
| diaphragm | quiet breathing |
| tendinous inscriptions | cross the rectus |
| trapezius | rotates scapula |
| pectoralis major | flexes the arm |
| latissimus dorsi | extends the arm |
| deltoid | attaches the humerus to the scapula |
| flexor carpi | flexes wrist |
| extensor carpi | extends the wrist |
| gluteus maximus | butt |
Created by:
tamacri1
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