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Chapter 6 muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| To shorten develop tension; an ability highly developed in muscle cells | Contraction |
| Muscle cells | Muscle fibers |
| Muscle composed of cylindrical multi nucleate cells with obvious striations; the muscle(s) attached to the body's skeleton; also called voluntary muscle | Skeletal Muscle |
| the thin connective tissue surrounding each muscle cell | Endomysium |
| The connective tissue enveloping bundles of muscle fibers | Perimysium |
| the sheath of fibrous connective tissue surrounding muscle | Epimysium |
| A bundle of nerve or muscle fibers bound together by connective tissue | Fascicle |
| muscle consisting of spindle-shaped unstripped (non striated) muscle cells; involuntary muscle | smooth muscles |
| specialized muscle of the heart | cardiac muscle |
| ovalnucle; that can be seen just beneath the plasma membrane | Sarcolemma |
| the smallest contractile unit of muscle; extends from one A disc to the next | Sarceamere |
| One of the principal contractile protiens found in muscle | Myosin |
| A contractile protien | Actin |
| A specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum | Sarcoplasmic reticulum |
| one neuron and all the skeletal muscle cell sit stimuates | Motor unit |
| The ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force | Contractility |
| The capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus | excitability |
| The ability to be stretched | extensibility |
| Ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched | elasticity |
| Each skeletal musce is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath | epimysium |
| Another connective tissue located outside the epimysium. It surrounds and separates muscles | Fascia |
| A muscle is composed of numerous visible bundles called muscle fasciculi, which are surrounded by loose connective tissue | Perimysium |
| The fasciculi are composed of single muscle cells | fibers |
| A single cylindrical cell containing several nuclei | Muscle fibers |
| Each fiber is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath | endomysium |
| The cytoplasm of each fiber is filled with ________- a threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other | myofibrils |
| Myofibrils consist of __ major kinds of protein fibers | 2 |
| Thin myofilaments. They resemble 2 minute strands of pearls twisted together | Actin myofliaments |
| Thick myofilaments. They resemble bundles of minute golf clubs. | myosin myofilaments |
| Actin and myosin myofilaments form highly ordered units _______ which are joined end to end to form the myofibril. | sarcomeres |
| The basic structural and functional unit of the muscle. | Sarcomere |
| Muscle contraction | Occurs as actin and myosin myofilaments slide past one another causing the sarcomeres to shorten. When the sarcomeres shorten it causes the muscle to shorten. |
| The sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction | sliding filament mechanism |
| A contraction of n entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers | Muscle twitch |
| A muscle fiber will not respond to stimulus until that stimulus reaches a level called ______, at which point the muscle fiber will contract maximally. This phenomenon is called the ______________ | Threshold; all-or-none response |
| The time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction | lag phase |
| The time of contraction | contraction phase |
| The time during which the muscle relaxes | relaxation phase |
| where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing | tetany |
| The increase in number of motor units being activated | recruitment |
| needed for energy for muscle contraction | ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) |
| Produced in the mitochondria | ATP |
| Short-lived and unstable | ATP |
| It degenates to the more stable _______________________ plus phosphate | ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) |
| It is necessary for muscle cells to constantly produce ATP. When at rest they can't stockpile ATP but they can store another high-energy molecule called ______________________ | Creatine phosphate |
| Without oxygen | Anaerobic respiration |
| with oxygen | Aerobic respiration |
| results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it van be produced in the muscle cells | Muscle fatigue |
| The length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process. | Isometric (equal distance) |
| The amount of tension produce by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle change | Isotionic (equal tension) |
| __________ refers to constant tension produced by muscle of the body for long periods of time. Keeps head up and back straight. | Muscle tone |
| contract quickly and fatigue quickly. Well adapted to preform anaerobic metabolism. Ex. white meat of a chicken's breast. | Fast-twitch fibers |
| contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue. They are better suited for aerobic metabolism | Slow-twitch fibers |
| is the most stationary end of the muscle | Origin |
| is the end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement | Insertion |
| The portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion is the | Belly |
| some muscles have multiple _________________________ | Origins or heads |
| Muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements are | Synergists |
| Muscles that work in opposition to one another are | Antagonists |
| Among a group of synergists, if one muscle plays the major role in accomplishing the desired movement | Prime mover |
| raises the eyebrows | Occipitofrontalis |
| closes the eyelids and causes "crows feet" wrinkles in the skin at the lateral corners of the eye | Orbicularis Oculi |
| Puckers the lips | Orbicularis Oris |
| Flattens the cheeks. Trumpeter's muscle. | Buccinator |
| Kissing muscles | Orbicularis Oris and Buccinator |
| smiling muscle | Zygomaticus |
| sneering | Levator labii superioris |
| Frowning | Depressor anguli oris |
| Chewing | Mastication |
| Change the shape of the tongue | Intrinsic tongue muscles |
| Move the tongue | Extrinsic Tongue muscles |
| Lateral neck muscle and prime mover | Sternocleidomastoid |
| Muscles that move the thorax | Thoracic Muscles |
| Group of muscles on each side of the neck | Erector spinae |
| How many pairs of mastication are there? | 4 pairs |
Created by:
tnpick513
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