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Chapter 6: Muscles
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Ability to shorten with force | Contractility |
| Responds to stimuli | Excitability |
| Ability to be stretched | Extensibility |
| Ability to recoil back to normal shape after being stretched | Elasticity |
| Skeletal muscle is surround by | Epimysium |
| Located outside the epimysium & surrounds and separates muscles | Facia |
| Muscle fascicles are surrounded by | Perimysium |
| Muscles cells | Fibers |
| Muscle fibers are surrounded by | Endomysium |
| 2 major protein fibers | Actin myofilaments & Myosin myofilaments |
| Actin myofilaments | thin, and resembles twisted pearls. |
| Myosin Myofilaments | thick, resembles bundles of minute golf clubs |
| Sarcomeres | highly ordered units of actin and myosin myofilaments. |
| positively chraged | outside of cell membranes |
| negatively charged | inside of cell membrane |
| membrane potential | the charge difference across the membrane |
| action potential | the brief reversal back of the charge |
| motor nuerons | nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers |
| presynaptic terminal | enlarged nerve terminal |
| synaptic cleft | space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell |
| acetylcholine | diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to the postsynaptic terminal causing a change in the postsynaptic cell |
| acetylcholinesterase | breaks down acetylcholine |
| sliding filament mechanism | sliding action of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction |
| muscle twitch | contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers |
| threshold | point which the muscle fiber will contract maximally |
| lag phase | beginning of contraction |
| contraction phase | time of contraction |
| relaxation phase | time the muscle relaxes |
| tetany | where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing |
| recruitment | the increase in number of motor units being activated |
| ATP | needed for energy for muscle contraction, produced by mitochondria, short lived and unstable |
| creatine phosphate | high-energy molecule |
| Anaerobic respiration | without oxygen |
| aerobic respiration | with oxygen and is more efficient |
| oxygen debt | amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose |
| muscle fatigue | results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced |
| isometric | length of muscle does not change but the amount of tension increases |
| isotonic | the amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant but the length changes |
| muscle tone | refers to constant tension produced by muscles |
| fast twitch fibers | contract quickly |
| slow twitch fibers | contract more slowly |
| origin | most stationary end of muscle |
| insertion | part of muscle undergoing the greatest movement |
| belly | portion between the origin and insertion |
| muscles that work together | synergists |
| muscles that do not work together | antagonist |
| occipitofrontalis | raises eyebrows |
| orbicularis oculi | closes eyelids and causes ''crows feet'' |
| orbicularis oris | pucker lips |
| buccinator | flattens the cheeks |
| kissing muscles | orbicularis and buccinator |
| zygomaticus | smiling muscle |
| levator labii superioris | sneering |
| depressor anguli oris | frowning |
| chewing | mastication |
| intrinsic tongue muscles | change shape of tongue |
| extrinsic tongue muscles | move the tongue |
| neck muscles | sternocleidomastoid |
| sternocleidomastoid | prime mover rotates and abducts head |
| erector spinae | group of muscles on each side of the back |
| most involved in breathing | external intercostals and internal intercostals |
| external intercostals | elevate the ribs during inspiration |
| internal intercostals | contract during forced expiration |
| diaphragm | accomplishes quiet breathing dome shaped muscle aids in breathing |
| trapezius | rotates scapula |
| serratus anterior | pulls scapula anteriorly |
| pectoris major | adducts and flexes the arm |
| latissimus | adducts and powerfully extends the arm |
| deltoid | attaches humorous to scapula and clavicle |
| brachialis | flexes forearm |
| flexor carpi | flexes the wrist |
| extensor carpi | extends the wrist |
| flexor digitorum | flexes the fingers |
| extensor digitorum | extends the fingers |
| gluteus maximus | buttocks |
Created by:
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