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muscle stuff
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| four characteristics of muscle functionality | contractility, excitability, extensibility, and elasticity |
| contractility | ability to shorten with force |
| excitability | ability to respond to stimulus |
| extensibility | ability to be stretch |
| elasticity | ability to recoil to original state |
| something that muscles provide to the body | heat |
| epimysium | connective tissue that surrounds a muscle |
| fascia | another tissue layer that rests above the epimysium |
| fascicle | bundles of muscle fibers |
| perimysium | layer of tissue that surrounds a fascicle |
| muscle fibers | primary cell of a muscle |
| endomysium | layer of tissue that surrounds a muscle fiber |
| myofibrils | thread-like structure that composes muscle fibers |
| myofilaments | protein fibers that compose myofibrils |
| actin myofilaments | thin myofilament |
| myosin myofilaments | thick myofilament |
| sarcomere | units that join together to create myofibril |
| z line | start of a sarcomere |
| i band | band of light area on each side of a z line |
| a band | band of dark area between the i band and the h zone |
| h zone | center of a sacromere that consists of only myosin |
| m line | dark line that goes down the middle of a sacromere |
| outside of cell membrane | positively charged |
| inside of cell membrane | negatively charged |
| resting membrane potential | charge difference across a membrane |
| action potential | brief reversal back of a charge on a membrane |
| motor neurons | nerve cells that carry action potentials to muscle fibers |
| synapse | also called a neuromuscular junction |
| motor unit | a single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers that it innervates |
| presynaptic terminal | enlarged nerve terminal |
| synaptic cleft | space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell |
| postsynaptic terminal | muscle fiber |
| synaptic vesicles | spaces in the presynaptic terminal that produce acetylcholine |
| acetylcholine | chemical that actives the action potential within a muscle |
| sarcolemma | muscle cell membrane |
| acetylcholinesterase | enzyme that breaks downs acetylcholine |
| muscle contraction | occurs when the myofilaments within muscle cells slide past each other |
| sliding filament mechanism | causes contraction in a muscle. h and i bands shorten, but a bands stay the same |
| muscle twitch | contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus |
| threshold | the amount of stimulus required for a muscle to contract maximally |
| all or none responce | point where the muscle contracts maximally |
| lag phase | time between application of a stimulus and the beginning of contraction |
| contraction phase | the overall time of contraction |
| relaxation phase | the time when the muscle relaxes |
| tetany | when the muscle remains contracted and does not relax |
| recruitment | increase in number of motor neurons being activated |
| ATP | Adenosine Triphosphate. Needed for energy for muscle contraction |
| ADP plus Phosphate | Adenosine Diphosphate. ATP degenerates into this. |
| creatine phosphate | high energy molecule that can be stored and used to create ATP. |
| anaerobic respiration | without oxygen |
| aerobic respiration | with oxygen |
| oxygen debt | amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish creatine phosphate levels in muscle cells |
| muscle fatigue | when ATP is used up faster than it can be created |
| isometric | when the length of a muscle doesnt change, but the amount of pressure put onto it increases |
| isotonic | when the lenght of a muscle changes, but the amount of pressure remains constant |
| muscle tone | constant tension produced by muscles of the body for long periods of time |
| fast twitch fibers | contract quickly and fatigue quickly |
| slow twitch fibers | contract more slowly and are more resistant to fatigue |
| origin | the most stationary end of a muscle |
| insertion | end of the muscle undergoing the most movement |
| belly | portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion |
| synergists | muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements |
| antagonists | muscles that work against each other |
| prime mover | a muscle that plays a major role in a group of synergists |
| names of muscles | named according to their shape, location, size, orientation of fibers, origin, insertion, and function |
| Occipitofrontalis | Raises the eyebrows |
| Orbicularis oculi | closes the eyelids and causes crowsfeet |
| obicularis oris | puckers the lips |
| buccinator | flattens the cheeks |
| zygomaticus | smiling muscle |
| levator labii superioris | sneering |
| depressor anguli oris | frowning |
| mastication | chewing |
| 4 muscles of mastication | 2 pterygoids, temporalis, and masseter |
| intrinsic tongue muscles | change the shape of the tongue |
| extrinsic tongue muscles | moves the tongue |
| sternocleidomastoid | lateral neck muscle and prime mover |
Created by:
jjenkins24
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