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muscle chapter
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| ability of skeletal muscle to shorten with force | contractility |
| capacity of skeletal muscle to respond to a stimulus | excitability |
| ability to be stretched | extensibility |
| ability to recoil to their original resting length after they have been stretched | elasticity |
| connective tissue sheath that surrounds each skeletal muscle | epimysium |
| connective tissue located outside the epimysium that surrounds and separates muscles | fascia |
| numerous visible bundles that make up the composition of a muscle | fascicle |
| loose connective tissue that surrounds muscle fascicle | perimysium |
| single muscle cells that make up fasciculi | fibers |
| connective tissue sheath that surrounds each fiber | endomysium |
| threadlike structure that extends from one end of the fiber to the other | myofibril |
| thin myofilaments; resemble pearls twisted together | actin myofilaments |
| thick myofilaments; resemble bundles of minute golf clubs | myosin myofilaments |
| basic structural and functional unit of the muscle | sarcomere |
| charge difference across the membrane | resting membrane potential |
| brief reversal back of the charge | action potential |
| nerve cells that carry action potentials to skeletal muscle fibers | motor neurons |
| what is formed by an enlarged nerve terminal resting in an indentation of the muscle cell membrane | neuromusclular junction |
| another term for neuromusclular junction | synapse |
| a single motor neuron and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates | muscle unit |
| enlarged nerve terminal | presynaptic terminal |
| space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle cell | synaptic cleft |
| sliding of actin myofilaments past myosin myofilaments during contraction | sliding filament mechanism |
| contraction of an entire muscle in response to a stimulus that causes the action potential in one or more muscle fibers | muscle twitch |
| the time between application of a stimulus to a motor neuron and the beginning of a contraction | lag phase |
| time of contraction | contraction phase |
| time during which the muscle relaxes | relaxation phase |
| where the muscle remains contracted without relaxing | tetany |
| increase in number of motor units being activated | recruitment |
| needed for energy for muscle contraction | ATP |
| where is ATP produced | mitochondria |
| what does ATP degenerate to | ADP |
| another high-energy molecule that is stored when muscle cells can't stockpile ATP | creatine phosphate |
| without oxygen | anaerobic respiration |
| with oxygen (more efficient) | aerobic respiration |
| after intense exercise, what does the respiration rate do? | remains elevated |
| amount of oxygen needed in chemical reactions to convert lactic acid to glucose and to replenish the depleted stores of creatine phosphate stores in muscle cells | oxygen debt |
| what results when ATP is used during muscle contraction faster than it can be produced in the muscle cells | muscle fatigue |
| length of the muscle does not change, but the amount of tension increases during the contraction process | isometric |
| amount of tension produced by the muscle is constant during contraction, but the length of the muscle changes | isotonic |
| keeps head up and back straight | muscle tone |
| what can contract quickly and fatigue quickly? | fast-twitch fibers |
| what can contract more slowly and is more resistant to fatigue | slow-twitch fibers |
| points of attachment of each muscle | origin, insertion |
| what is the muscle connected to at the point of attachment | to the bone, by a tendon |
| most stationary end of the muscle | origin |
| end of the muscle undergoing the greatest movement | insertion |
| portion of the muscle between the origin and the insertion | belly |
| true or false, muscles can have multiple origins or head? | true |
| muscles that work together to accomplish specific movements | synergists |
| muscles that work in opposition to one another | antagonists |
| what is the erector spinae responsible for | keeping the back straight and the body erect |
| group of muscles on each side of the back | erector spinae |
| muscles that move the thorax | thoracic muscles |
| elevates the ribs during inspiation | external intercostals |
| contracts during forced expiration | internal intercostals |
| dome-shaped muscle that aids in breathing | diaphragm |
| area of abdominal wall that consists of white connective tissue | linea alba |
| where is the rectus abdominis muscle located? | on each side of the linea alba |
| at how many locations do tendinous inscriptions cross the rectus abdominis? | three or more |
| rotates scapula | trapezius |
| pulls scapula anteriorly | serratus anterior |
| what attaches the arm to the thorax? | pectoralis major and latissimus dorsi muscles |
| adducts and flexes the arm | pectoralis major |
| considered the "swimmer muscles" | latissimus dorsi |
| major abductor of the upper limb | deltoid |
| extends the forearm | triceps brachii |
| flexes the forearm; occupies anterior compartment | biceps brachii |
| flexes forearm | brachialis |
| flexes and supinates the forearm | brachioradialis |
| flexes wrist | flexor carpi |
| extends the wrist | extensor carpi |
| flexes the fingers | flexor digitorum |
| extends the fingers | extensor digitorum |
| number of intrinsic hand muscles | 19 |
| strong band of fibrous connective tissue that covers flexor | retinaculum |
| buttocks | gluteus maximus |
| extends the leg; anterior thigh muscles | quadriceps femoris |
| flexes the thigh | sartorius |
| posterior thigh muscles | hamstring muscles |
| form calf muscle | gastrocnemius and soleus |
| flexes foot and toes | calcaneal tendon |
| lateral muscles of leg | peroneus muscles |
| muscles that flex, extend, abduct, and adduct the toes | intrinsic foot muscles |
| number of intrinsic foot muscles | 20 |
Created by:
les121902
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