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Anatomy
Final Exam/CHapters 12-17
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The nervous system: | -works with the endocrine system to maintain homeostasis. -communicates with the body via action potentials (nerve impulses). -is responsible for perceptions and behaviors. -initiates voluntary movements. |
| The autonomic nervous system is part of the | PNS |
| What is the function(s) of the nervous system? | -detecting stimuli -processing information -sending a response to muscles or glands |
| The dendrites of a neuron | are the main receiving region of a neuron |
| Gray matter has its distinctive color due to myelination of axons. T/F | FALSE |
| At a synapse, the neuron sending the signal towards the synapse is called the _______ neuron. | presynaptic |
| Graded potentials: | arise when ion movement causes a minor change in the resting membrane potential. |
| Which statement is NOT true about electrical synapses? | they allow the movement of ion through desmosomes |
| Choose the statement below that accurately represents a significant feature of graded potentials. | Like graded potentials can sum to create a larger graded potential. |
| Which neural circuit enables a single presynaptic stimulation to cause a postsynaptic cell to send a series of impulses? | reverberating circuit |
| Neurogenesis | -occurs in the embryonic brain. -occurs in the hippocampus even during adulthood. -is inhibited by neuroglial products in most areas of the CNS. -is inhibited by the absence of fetal growth stimulating factors. |
| Consider the cell body of a neuron. Through which types of ion channel might sodium enter the cell body? Check all that apply! | ligand-gated channels leakage channels |
| Typically graded potentials occur in the… | dendrites and cell body |
| Rabies virus and tetanus toxin use retrograde transport to travel backward along axons to reach the neuronal cell body. Retrograde transport is a type of slow axonal transport. T/F | FALSE |
| If three depolarizing graded potentials and two hyperpolarizing graded potentials occur in a dendrite at the same instant, what is the summation of their potentials equivalent to? | one depolarizing graded potential |
| How are neurotransmitters removed from the synaptic cleft? | Diffusion Enzymatic degradation Uptake by cells |
| The regeneration tube guides the growth of a new axon from the proximal area across the injured area to the distal area where it replaces the original axon. T/F | TRUE |
| The generation of a graded potential is by | the momentary opening of mechanically-gated or ligand-gated channels |
| Which of the following ions pass through the resting neuronal cell membrane most easily? | potassium |
| Sensory impulses are carried to the central nervous system by | afferent neurons |
| A resting nerve fiber is polarized because the concentration of | Na+ is higher on the outside and K+ is higher on the inside |
| At the neuromuscular junction, the neurotransmitter acetylcholine is | excitatory |
| Multiple sclerosis involves a progressive destruction of the neuron's ___ | myelin sheath |
| The spinal cord ends between the first and second lumbar vertebrae. This area is called the: | conus medullaris |
| Spinal nerve C8 exits between which two vertebrae: | C7 and T1 |
| A mixed spinal nerve has: | a posterior and anterior root |
| Which of the following are sensory tracts: | anterior spinothalamic and posterior columns |
| Which of the following is NOT true regarding the operation of a stretch reflex? | It is a polysynaptic reflex. |
| Injury to the common fibular nerve results in a condition known as: | foot drop |
| The white matter of the spinal cord is: | located around the outside |
| Which nerve from the cervical plexus causes contraction of the diaphragm? | Phrenic |
| The ulnar nerve arises from which plexus? | brachial |
| Pressure from the uterus during pregnancy sometime causes damage to the | sciatic nerve |
| Which statement best describes the location of the cerebellum? | |
| Which statement is false in reference to the cranial meninges? | have three layers of the dura mater |
| Cerebral spinal fluid is produced in which structure(s)? | choroid plexuses |
| The blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier does not allow any substances from the blood to enter the CSF. T/F | FALSE |
| The reticular activating system (RAS) is a part of the reticular formation. The primary function of the descending fibers of the RAS is to maintain muscle tone. T/F | TRUE |
| Which statement about the cerebellum is true? | its prime function is to 'fine tune' motor function |
| Which of the following is true of the thalamus? | it is a component of the diencephalon |
| A projection tract is one which: | consists of axons that conduct nerve impulses to or from the cerebrum |
| Which of the following is a function of the basal nuclei? | control subconscious contraction of skeletal muscles influence attention, memory and planning help initiate and terminate movements assist in regulating emotional behaviors |
| The primary visual area is located in which lobe of the brain? | occipital |
| Subtle anatomical differences between each hemisphere in the brain is called: | hemispheric lateralization |
| Which statement is true regarding cranial nerves? | they are part of the peripheral nervous system |
| The primary difference between a sensory and a mixed cranial nerve is that a mixed cranial nerve has its origins within the CNS and the spinal cord. T/F | FALSE |
| From which brain vesicle does the medulla oblongata develop? | myelencephalon |
| Which is a true statement regarding the effects of aging on the brain? | reflex times increase and brain mass declines |
| The trigeminal nerve has three branches: the ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular. All three branches contain somatic sensory fibers, but the mandibular also contains somatic motor fibers. T/F | TRUE |
| Which cranial nerves do NOT have somatic motor fibers that control the extraocular muscles? Check all that apply! | |
| Which of the following is a function of the vagus nerve? | -supplies cardiac muscle+decreases heart rate -carries taste+somatic sensation from the epiglottis+pharynx -carries info about bp, blood pH and stretch in resp structures -controls the muscles involved in swallowing, coughing+voice production |
| Which of the following comparisons of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the somatic nervous system (SNS) is not true? | the SNS contains motor neurons which are excitatory and inhibitory |
| Which of the following does not describe the autonomic nervous system? | |
| The sympathetic division of the ANS is called the thoracolumbar division because: | |
| Which organ is matched incorrectly with either its sympathetic or parasympathetic ganglion? | urinary bladder - superior mesenteric ganglion |
| Which of the following neurotransmitters does not bind to adrenergic receptors? | acetylcholine |
| The definition of autonomic tone is: | the balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity |
| The Sympathetic division is associated with excitement or embarrassment. T/F | TRUE |
| Which would be an example of a condition in the body not controlled by autonomic reflexes? | tracking a bird flying by |
| Which of the following is NOT associated with autonomic dysreflexia? | fingers and toes turning blue when a person is cold |
| The awareness of differences in the external or internal environment is defined as: | sensation |
| Which of the following would not be considered to be a sensory modality? | thought |
| Which somatic sensory receptor is rapidly adapting and responsible for fine touch? | Meissner corpuscle |
| The best example of referred pain is: | pain felt into the left arm during a heart attack |
| Which sensation is not carried by the posterior column-medial lemniscus (PCML) pathway? | temperature |
| The body parts represented by the largest area on the somatosensory map are the: | fingers |
| Which of the following is not true when comparing the direct and indirect motor pathways? | the indirect motor pathways consist of three major tracts |
| Which of the following is not a function of the cerebellum? | |
| Which stimulus does not stimulate the reticular activating system (RAS)? | smoke |
| Memory is best defined as: | |
| Which of the following are responsible for producing new olfactory receptors? | basal cells |
| Which is not an event that occurs during the process of gustation? | the site of taste transduction occurs at the basal cells |
| Which of the following does not pertain to the lacrimal apparatus? | tears are produced by the sebaceous glands |
| The cis to trans conversion of retinal when photopigments respond to light is called: | isomerization |
| There is a white outer covering of the eye known as the | sclera |
| Considering the arrangement of rods+cones in the retina, is a central loc where only cones are found. Move farther away from this point there are inc amts of rods+fewer cones so,some point we are able to see b+w. This central location of only cones is | fovea centralis |
| Which statement is not true in describing the equilibrium pathways? | axons from the vestibular nuclei connect with cranial nerves X and XII which control eye movements |
| An age-related change where an individual has a ringing sensation in the ears is called: | tinnitus |
| Olfactory receptors | use olfactory hairs to transduce chemical signals from odorants. |
| Which of the following form an inverted v-shaped row at the back of the tongue? | vallate papillae |
| The hair cells responsible for hearing are located on the ________; their hair bundles are embedded in the ________ | basilar membrane; tectorial membrane |
| Which of the following continuously receives sensory information from the utricle and saccule, monitors the information, and subsequently sends impulses to the motor cortex of the cerebrum? | cerebellum |
| The retina develops from | neural ectoderm |
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