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Chapter 23 vs
Urinary System
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Where are the kidneys located in association to the vertebrae? | Lateral to T12-L3 vertebrae |
| Compare the location of the right and left kidney? | Right kidney is lower than the left |
| Are the kidneys Retroperitoneally located or Interperitoneally located? | Retroperitoneally located |
| The kidneys are surrounded by layers of what? | fascia and fat |
| What cushions the kidney against trauma and helps hold them in place? | perirenal and pararenal fat |
| What are the dimensions of the average kidney? | 12 cm tall, 6 cm wide, 3 cm thick |
| What surrounds the kidney | Renal Capsule |
| Where do blood vessels enter and exit the kidney? | HILUM on concave medial surface |
| Where are the adrenal gland in association with the kidney? | adrenal glands sit on top but they are functionally unrelated |
| What are the internal parts of the kidney? | 1. Cortex, 2. Medulla, 3. Lobes, 4. Renal Sinus |
| What region of the kidney is the cortex and what is its appearance like? | cortex in superficial region; light and granular appearance |
| What does the cortex of the kidney form? | RENAL COLUMNS that form inward extensions and separate the renal pyramids |
| Where is the Medulla region of the kidney and what is its appearance like? | deep to the superficial cortex and darker in color |
| What does the Medulla consist of? | Consists of PYRAMIDS (cone shaped masses) |
| What is the papilla in a kidney? | the pyramid's apex in the medulla |
| How many lobes are in EACH kidney? | 5-11 lobes |
| What do the lobes of kidneys consist of? | single medullary pyramid plus cortical tissue that surrounds it |
| Where are the renal columns in kidneys formed and what do they do? | formed in cortex and they separate renal pyramids in medulla |
| What is the Renal Sinus of the kidney? | large filled space in the middle of the kidney |
| How does the renal sinus open up to the exterior? | Renal hilum |
| What does the Renal Sinus contain? | 1. Renal vessels, nerves, fat, 2. Renal Pelvis 3. Calices |
| What is the Renal Pelvis and where is it located? | a expanded superior of the ureter and it resides in the renal sinus |
| What are the minor calix and major calix of kidney? | in renal sinus they are extension of renal pelvis. major calix is superior to renal pelvis while minor calix is inferior to renal pelvis |
| What is the order of urine flow? | 1. Kidneys 2. Ureters 3. Urinary Bladder 4. Urethra |
| Order of blood flow in arteries in kidneys. | Renal Arteries to 5 segmental arteries to interlobar arteries to arcuate arteries to interlobular arteries which supply renal cortex |
| Order of blood flow in veins in kidneys. (Renal Cortex) | Cortical radiate veins to arcuate veins to interlobar veins to renal veins |
| Where do filtration slits form in the kidneys? | Visceral layer of the Glomerular capsule |
| What does the Visceral Filtration Membrane do? | 1. Restric the filtration of large elements and proteins 2. Allows passage of water, ions, glucose, aminos acids, and urea |
| What restrict the filtration of large lements and proteins? | Visceral Filtration Membrane |
| Describe filtration of blood in Urine Production? | -by Glomerulus- filtrate of blood leaves kidney capillaries and enters the nephron |
| What are the three mechanisms of Urine Production? | 1. Filtration by Glomerulus 2. Reabsorption by Tubules 3. Secretion by Tubues |
| Describe Reabsorption in Urine production. | -most nutrients, water, and essential ions reclaimed and returned to blood of capillaries (99% renal filtrate is absorbed) -1% of waste products contribute to formation of urine |
| Describe Secretion in Urine Production. | -this is the active process of removing undesirable molecules into the tubule from the blood of capillaries -Supplements formation of urine |
| What does the Juxtaglomerular Appartus do? | regulates blood pressure |
| Where is the Juxtaglomerular Apparatus located? | at the junction between the terminal end of ascending limb of loop of henle and the afferent arteriole |
| What do Juxtaglomerular Cells do? | act as a mechanoreceptors by secreting RENIN when sensing falling blood pressure |
| What are two components of the Juxtaglomerular Appartus? | 1. Justaglomerular Cells 2. Macula Densa |
| What do Macula Densa do? | act as chemoreceptors to monitor solute concentration in filtrate |
| What do Mesangial cells do in the Kidneys? | Interact with Juxtaglomerular Appartus to regulate blood pressure |
| What is the main structural and functional structure of the kidney? | Uriniferous tubules |
| What are the components of the Urinferous Tubules | 1. Nephron (Renal Corpuscle and Renal Tubules) 2. Collecting Duct |
| What does the collecting duct do? | concentrates urine by removing water |
| What are the two types of Nehprons and what percentage does each make up? | 1. Cortical Nephrons 85% of Nephrons 2. Juxtamedullary Nephrons 15% of Nephrons |
| How do loops of henle act in Cortical Nephrons? | dip only a short distance into the medulla |
| How do loops of Henle act in Juxtamedullary Nephrons? | go deep into the medulla and help produce a concentrated urine |
| The Renal Corpuscle of Nephron is only present in? | cortex |
| What does the Renal Corpuscle of Nephron consist of? | a glomerulus surrounded by a glomerular capsule |
| What are the two layers of the Glomerular Capsule? | Parietal layer and the Visceral layer |
| Which layer of the Glomerular capsule of the Renal Corpuscle forms filtration slits? | Visceral layer |
| What are the three tubular sections of the Nephron and where are they? | 1. Proximal Convoluted Tubule- in cortex 2. Loop of Henle- in medulla 3. Distal Convoluted Tubule- in cortex |
| What part of the Loop of Henle resembles the Proximal Convoluted Tubule? | Descending Limb |
| What part of the Loop of Henle resembles the Distal Convoluted Tubule? | Thick segment |
| Both of the convoluted tubules (distal and proximal) have lots of what? | mitochondria and ions |
| Collecting Ducts receive what from where? | Receive urine from distal convoluted tubules of several nephrons |
| Where are the collecting ducts? | runs through cortex deep into medulla |
| What happens at the papilla of the pyramid? | adjacent collecting ducts join to form papillary ducts |
| What do papillary ducts that are formed by collecting ducts do? | empty into minor calices |
| ?What do Ureters do? | carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder |
| What prevents back flow of urine into the kidneys? | oblique entry of ureters into bladder |
| What are the three layers of the ureters and what kinda tissue do they have? | 1. Mucosa- transitional epithelium 2. Muscularis- two layers of smooth muscle (inner longitudinal and outer circular) 3. Adventitia- typical connective tissue |
| What is the urinary bladder? | a collapsible muscular sac |
| What does the urinary bladder do? | Stores and expels urine |
| What are the three layers of the wall of the urinary bladder? | 1. Mucosa with distensible TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM 2. Thick muscular layer 3. Fibrous adventitia |
| What is the trigone? | defined by the openings for both ureters and urethra |
| What are the three parts of the urethra in males? | From top to bottom 1. Prostatic Urethra 2. Membranous Urethra 3. Spongy (Penile) Urethra |
| Where is the Prostatic Urethra? | passes through the prostate gland |
| Where is the Membranous Urethra? | Passes through the uriogenital diaphragm |
| Where is the Spongy Urethra? | Passes through the length of the penis. |
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