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Chapter 22 part 2
Digestive System part 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the widest part of the alimentary canal? | the stomach |
| What happens to food in the stomach? | food is churned into semifluid CHYME |
| What controls the rate of delivery of CHYME into the small intestine? | the stomach |
| In the stomach, what destroys bacteria? | the acid environment |
| What is the main function of the stomach and how does it do it? | enzymatic digestion by producing pepsinogen that is converted to pepsin by HCL |
| What is pepsin? | enzyme produced by stomach to digest food |
| Name the parts and curvatures of the stomach. | 1. Cardiac Region 2. Fundus 3. Body 4. Pyloric Region 5. Lesser Curvature 6. Great Curvature |
| Where is the cardiac region of the stomach? | adjacent to the esophagus |
| What and where is the Fundus region of the stomach? | 1. the stomach's dome (top) 2. tucked under the diaphragm |
| Where is the Body region of the stomach? | lies between the fundus and the pyloric region |
| What region of the stomach controls the entry of chyme into the intestines? | the pyloric region |
| What is the lesser curvature of the stomach? | the concave right border |
| What is the greater curvature of the stomach? | the convex right border |
| What three regions is the pyloric region of the stomach separated into? (from outside in) | 1. Pylorus 2. Pyloric canal 3. Pyloric antrum |
| What are the internal folds of mucosa in empty stomach called? What happens to them when the stomach is full | call RUGAE that disappear when stomach is full |
| What three layers is the muscularis externa divided into? | 1. longitudinal layer 2. circular layer 3. oblique layer (innermost layer) |
| What kind of cells make up the stomach mucosa and what does the stomach mucosa secrete? | simple columnar epithelium; it secretes coat of bicarbonate-buffered mucus |
| What does bicarbonate-buffered mucus do? | protects the stomach against HCl |
| What is the surface of stomach mucosa dotted with and what do these open up to? | dotted with millions of GASTRIC PITS, which open to tubular GASTRIC GLANDS |
| What are the types of secretory cells in the gastric glands and what do they produce? | 1. Parietal cells- HCl and intrinsic factor 2. Chief Cells- Pepsinogen 3. Enteroendocrine cells- gastric hormones |
| What is the longest portion of the alimentary canal? | the small intestine |
| What is the principle site of enzymatic digestion and absorption? | small intestines |
| What are the three subdivisions of the Small Intestines? | 1. Duodenum 2. Jejunum 3. Ileum |
| What percentage of the small intestine is the Duodenum and where does it begin? | 5% of small intestine and begins at Pylorus |
| What perecentage of the small intestine does Jejunum make up? | 40% |
| What percentage of the small intestine is Ileum and where does it end? | 60% and it ends at the cecum of large intestine |
| What part of the small intestine receives the chyme? | the duodenum |
| What is the hepatopancreatic ampulla? | where the main pancreatic duct and bile duct enter the wall of the duodenum where they form a bulb |
| What modifications of the small intestine are used for absorption? | 1. Circular folds 2. Villi 3. Microvilli |
| What are the type of cells that exist in the intestinal wall? | 1. Absorptive Cells 2. Goblet Cells 3. Enteroendocrine cells 4. Intestinal crypts |
| What do the absorptive cells of the intestinal wall do? | uptake digested nutrients |
| What do the goblet cells of the intestinal wall do? | secrete mucus that lubricates chyme and protects lining of intestine |
| What do enteroendocrine cells do? | secrete hormones that stimulate pancreas and gallbladder |
| What are the functions of the large intestine? | 1. Re-absorption of electrolytes and water 2. Elimination of undigested food and other stuff |
| Large intestine performs a small amount of what by what? | digestion by bacteria |
| What is initiated several times a day in the large intestine and what is it for? | mass peristalic movements to forces feces toward the rectum |
| What is found in large intestine and not in small intestines? | 1. Teniae coli 2. Haustra 3. Epiploic appendages |
| What are the parts of the colon? | 1. Cecum 2. Vermiform appendix 3. Colon |
| What is the cecum? | a blind pouch at the beginning of the colon |
| What lies at the junction of ileum and cecum? | ileocecal valves |
| What are the distinct segments of the colon | Ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon |
| The rectum is a continuation of what? | the sigmoid colon |
| What do small intestines have that large intestines don't? | villi and plicae circularis |
| In the large intestines, the epithelium changes here into what? | at anal canal from simple columnar epithelial to stratified squamous epithelium |
| What is the largest gland in the body? | the liver |
| What is digestive function of the liver? | bile production |
| Where does the liver lie? | in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen |
| The liver has what type of surface? | diaphragmatic and visceral surface |
| How many lobes does the liver have and what are there names? | 1. Right 2. Left 3. Quadrate 4. Caudate |
| How do most vessels enter or leave the liver? | via the porta hepatis |
| What are Kupffer cells? | liver macrophages that remove debris from the blood |
| The gallbladder is connected to what organ and how? | the liver by the hepatic duct |
| What does the gallbladder do? | concentrates bile that comes from the liver and stores it |
| What does the gallbladder do when stimulated? | expels bile into duodenum via cystic and bile duct |
| Where does the pancreas run? | horizontally across the posterior abdominal wall between the duodenum and the spleen |
| What type organ is the pancreas? (Interperitoneal or Retro-Peritoneal) | Retro-Peritoneal |
| What Acinar cells? (EXOCRINE gland function) | cells in PANCREAS that store enzymes that break down a lot of stuff |
| Enzymes of the pancreas are activated in what? | the duodenum |
| What is the ENDOCRINE gland function of the pancreas? | produces insulin and glucagon in pancreatic islets REGULATE BLOOD SUGAR |
| What is inflammatory bowel disease and give examples? | inflammation of the intestinal wall i.e. crohn's disease and Ulcerative colitis |
| What is Viral hepatitis? (digestive system disorder) | inflammation of liver of viral origin |
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