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GENITOURINARY DISEAS
Fundamentals of Disease Processes
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A nephron is a: | kidney cell. |
| Each nephron consists of a filter called a: | glomerulus. |
| ACUTE GLOMERULONEPHRITIS (AGN) | Acute glomerulonephritis (AGN) is a sudden inflammation of the kidney's glomeruli (filters). |
| AGN can be the sequela (aftereffect) of a: | streptococcal (strep) infection. |
| Sx and SX of AGN include: | 1. Facial and/or pedal edema which means swelling of the face and/or ankles and feet. |
| Sx and SX of AGN include: | 2. Albuminuria which means protein (albumin) in theurine. |
| Sx and SX of AGN include: | 3. Hematuria which means blood in the urine. |
| Sx and SX of AGN include: | 4. The presence of tubular shaped groups of erythrocytes in the urine called red blood cell (RBC) casts. |
| Acute glomerulonephritis may resolve (subside): | without treatment. |
| CHRONIC GLOMERULONEPHRITIS (CGN) | is a recurring inflammation of the kidneys. |
| Chronic glomerulonephritis can be caused by: | HBV, HCV, + HIV which stands for hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and human immunodeficiency virus. |
| CGN is commonly idiopathic which means: | pertaining to a disease with an unknown cause. |
| Chronic CGN may persist (continue) for years with: | 1. Remissions which means signs and symptoms diminish (lessen) or disappear. |
| Chronic CGN may persist (continue) for years with: | 2. Relapse which means the signs and symptoms return. |
| Chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) is usually accompanied by: | HTN which stands for hypertension. |
| A sign of chronic glomerulonephritis ( CGN) is: | low urine SG which stands for specific gravity. |
| CGN can lead to dysfunctional kidneys abbreviated RF which stands for: | renal failure. |
| RENAL FAILURE | Renal failure (RF) is characterized (described) by the inability of the kidneys to eliminate (remove) nitrogenous (N waste. |
| Renal failure (RF) causes a blood condition of excessive nitrogenous (N) waste called: | uremia aka azotemia. |
| Blood tests to detect (find) renal failure (RF) include: | 1. BUN which stands for blood, urea, nitrogen. |
| Blood tests to detect (find) renal failure (RF) include: | 2. Cc which stands for creatinine clearance. |
| Blood tests to detect (find) renal failure (RF) include: | 3. Cystatin C aka Cys C. |
| Blood tests to detect (find) renal failure (RF) include: | 4. GFR which stands for glomerular filtration rate. |
| ACUTE RENAL FAILURE (ARF) Causes of acute renal failure (ARF) include | Causes of acute renal failure (ARF) include: 1. AGN which stands for acute glomerulonephritis. |
| Causes of acute renal failure (ARF) include | 2. CGN which stands for chronic glomerulonephritis. |
| Causes of acute renal failure (ARF) include | 3. A life-threatening condition caused by a deficient amount of body fluid called hypovolemic shock. |
| Causes of acute renal failure (ARF) include | 4. Transfusion of an incompatible blood type or Rh factor. |
| Causes of acute renal failure (ARF) include | 5. Kidney trauma which means wound or injury. |
| Causes of acute renal failure (ARF) include | 6. Consumption of toxins which are poisons. |
| Signs and symptoms of acute renal failure (ARF) include: | 1. Oliguria which means scanty (deficient) urine production. |
| Signs and symptoms of acute renal failure (ARF) include: | 2. Anuria which means no urine production. |
| Signs and symptoms of acute renal failure (ARF) include: | 3. A blood condition of excessive nitrogenous (N) waste called uremia aka azotemia. |
| Signs and symptoms of acute renal failure (ARF) include: | 4. The breath smells of NH, which is ammonia. |
| Signs and symptoms of acute renal failure (ARF) include: | 5. Hyperkalemia which means blood condition of excessive potassium. |
| Signs and symptoms of acute renal failure (ARF) include: | 6. Muscle weakness that can lead to cardiac arrest. |
| Treatment for acute renal failure (ARF) includes: | 1. Remedying (correcting) the cause. |
| Treatment for acute renal failure (ARF) includes: | 2. Artificial removal of nitrogenous (N) waste from the blood abbreviated HD which stands for hemodialysis. |
| Another type of dialysis is abbreviated CAPD which stands for: | continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. Dialysis means artificial removal. |
| CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE (CRF) | |
| Causes of chronic renal failure include: | 1. CGN which stands for chronic glomerulonephritis. |
| Causes of chronic renal failure include: | 2. Chronic HTN which stands for persistent hypertension. |
| Causes of chronic renal failure include: | 3. DN which stands for diabetic neuropathy. Diabetes mellitus is associated with a hormone called insulin. |
| Treatment (Tx) for CRF includes: | 1. Artificial removal of nitrogenous (N) waste from the blood abbreviated HD which stands for hemodialysis. CRF stands for chronic renal failure. |
| Treatment (Tx) for CRF includes: | 2. CAPD which stands for continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis. |
| Treatment (Tx) for CRF includes: | 3. Kidney transplantation from a compatible (matched) donor. |
| Chronic renal failure (CRF) can also be caused by ATN which stands for: | acute tubular necrosis. |
| Causes of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) include nephrotoxic agents such as: | 1. Aminoglycoside antibiotics. |
| Causes of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) include nephrotoxic agents such as: | 2. Antihyperlipidemic medications. |
| Causes of acute tubular necrosis (ATN) include nephrotoxic agents such as: | 3. Dyes used in diagnostic procedures. |
| PYELONEPHRITIS | |
| Pyelonephritis is a suppurative inflammation of a kidney's : | renal pelvis. Suppurative means pus creating. |
| Pyelonephritis is commonly caused by proliferation (rapid reproduction) of a: | normal colon bacteria called escherichia coli (E. Coli). Escherichia coli (E. coli) is a suppurative bacteria that causes collections of pus in the renal pelves called abscesses. |
| Signs and symptoms of pyelonephritis include: | 1. Dysuria which means painful (burning) urination. |
| Signs and symptoms of pyelonephritis include: | 2. Pyuria which means pus in the urine. |
| Signs and symptoms of pyelonephritis include: | 3. Bacteriuria wich means bacteria in the urine. |
| Signs and symptoms of pyelonephritis include: | 4. Hematuria which means blood in the urine. |
| Treatment (Tx) for pyelonephritis includes administration (giving) of anti-infective medications called: | antibiotics. The prognosis for pyelonephritis is good. Prognosis means predicted (likely) outcome. |
| RENAL CARCINOMA | |
| Renal carcinoma is a malignancy of a kidney that occurs more frequently in: | 50-60 year old men. Malignancy means the ability to metastasize (spread). |
| The incidence of renal carcinoma doubles for smokers and those with chronic HTN which stands for: | persistent hypertension aka high blood pressure (HBP). Incidence means the number of new cases. |
| A sign of renal carcinoma is: | painless hematuria which means blood in the urine. |
| The prognosis (Px) for renal carcinoma is poor because: | metastasis (spread) to the lungs, liver, bone and brain usually occurs before signs and symptoms appear. |
| WILMS' TUMOR (WT) | |
| A Wilms' tumor (WT) is a renal (kidney) malignancy usually occurring: | in children before the age of five (5). |
| A sign of Wilms' tumor is: | painless hematuria which means blood in the urine. |
| The prognosis for a Wilms' tumor is good: | if metastasis has not occurred. |
| KIDNEY STONES | |
| Kidney stones are called: | nephroliths or renal calculi. |
| Nephrolithiasis means: | abnormal condition of kidney stone(s). |
| Renal calculi occur more frequently in: | 20 to 40 year old men (4 to 1) |
| Renal calculi are aka: | kidney stones or nephroliths. |
| Signs and symptoms of nephrolithiasis occur when a: | calculus (stone) obstructs (occludes) a ureter. |
| The ureters are tubes (ducts) that transport (carry) urine from the: | kidneys to the urinary bladder. |
| Signs and symptoms of nephrolithiasis include: | 1. Sharp severe retroperitoneal (flank) pain radiating to the inguinal (groin) region. |
| Signs and symptoms of nephrolithiasis include: | 2. Hematuria which means blood in the urine. |
| Causes of nephrolithiasis include: | 1. Excess consumption of Ca which stands for calcium (80%). |
| Causes of nephrolithiasis include: | 2. Excess consumption of protein and Na which stands for sodium. |
| Causes of nephrolithiasis include: | 3. Hyperparathyroidism which means condition of excessive PTH which stands for parathyroid hormone. |
| Parathyroid hormone (PTH) stimulates (causes): | osteocytes to release calcium (Ca) and phosphorous (P) into the blood. |
| Osteocytes are: | bone cells. |
| A nephrolith (kidney stone) that fills a renal pelvis completely is called a: | staghorn calculus. |
| Renal pelves are located where the: | ureters connect to the kidneys. |
| Ureters transport (carry) urine from the kidneys to: | the urinary bladder. |
| Diagnosis (Dx) of nephrolithiasis (renal calculi) is confirmed (proven) with: | 1. An X-ray abbreviated KUB which stands for kidneys and ureters and urinary bladder. |
| Diagnosis (Dx) of nephrolithiasis (renal calculi) is confirmed (proven) with: | 2. Renal US which stands for ultrasound. Nephrolithiasis means abnormal condition of kidney stone(s). |
| Diagnosis (Dx) of nephrolithiasis (renal calculi) is confirmed (proven) with: | 3. Renal CT which stands for computerized tomography. Computerized tomography refers toX-ray picture slices. |
| Diagnosis (Dx) of nephrolithiasis (renal calculi) is confirmed (proven) with: | 4. An X-ray of the renal pelves after intravenous injection of a radiopaque (contrast) dye abbreviated IVP which stands for intravenous pyelogram. |
| Treatment for a renal calculus that impedes the flow of urine includes crushing the stone with intense sound waves from outside the body abbreviated ESWL which stands for: | extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. |
| HYDRONEPHROSIS | |
| Hydronephrosis means: | abnormal condition of excessive fluid in a kidney. |
| Hydronephrosis occurs when: | urine is unable to exit (leave) a kidney. |
| Causes of Hydronephrosis include an: | 1. Obstruction (occlusion) resulting from a kidney stone called a nephrolith (renal calculus). |
| Causes of Hydronephrosis include an: | 2. Obstruction (occlusion) resulting from a new growth called a neoplasm or tumor. |
| Causes of Hydronephrosis include an: | 3. Nonmalignant excessive development of the prostate abbreviated BPH which stands for benign prostatic hypertrophy. |
| Benign (non-malignant) neoplasms: | do not have the ability to metastasize (spread). |
| Treatment for Hydronephrosis involves removal of the: | obstruction aka occlusion. |
| Hydronephrosis means: | abnormal condition of excessive fluid in a kidney. |
| CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE (CKD) | |
| Chronic kidney disease (CKD) refers to: | a gradual loss of renal function. |
| Risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD) include: | 1. DM which stands for diabetes mellitus. |
| Risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD) include: | 2. Chronic HTN which means persistent hypertension. |
| CYSTITIS | |
| Cystitis means: | inflammation of the urinary bladder aka a "bladder infection". |
| Cystitis is more common in females because: | their urethra is shorter compared to males. |
| Cystitis is commonly caused by: | normal colon flora abbreviated E. coli which stands for Escherichia coli. |
| Signs and symptoms of cystitis include: | 1. The urge (desire or need) to void frequently called urinary frequency. |
| Void means: | urinate (micturate) |
| Signs and symptoms of cystitis include: | 2. An acute (sudden) desire to void called urinary urgency. |
| Signs and symptoms of cystitis include: | 3. Dysuria which means painful (burning) urination. |
| Signs and symptoms of cystitis include: | 4. Pungent urine which means strong smelling (ammonia) urine. |
| Signs and symptoms of cystitis include: | 5. Bacteriuria which means bacteria in the urine. |
| Signs and symptoms of cystitis include: | 6. Pyuria which means pus in the urine. |
| Treatment for cystitis includes: | 1. Increasing water intake called forcing fluids. |
| Treatment for cystitis includes: | 2. Administration of anti-infective medications called antibiotics. |
| Methods to decrease the risk of cystitis include: | 1. Wiping from front to back after evacuating the rectum called defecation aka BMI which stands for bowel movement. |
| Methods to decrease the risk of cystitis include: | 2. Takin a shower for hygiene before sitting in a bath. Hygiene means cleanliness. |
| Methods to decrease the risk of cystitis include: | 3. Not douching unless directed by a physician. |
| Douching means: | vaginal irrigation (flushing). |
| Douching (vaginal irrigation) upsets vaginal homeostasis (balance) by: | flushing out beneficial microbes called flora. |
| Methods to decrease the risk of cystitis include: | 4. Increasing ventilation (breathing) in the genitourinary region by not wearing tight fitting pants. |
| Methods to decrease the risk of cystitis include: | 5. Wearing underwear made of breathable fabric such as cotton. |
| Methods to decrease the risk of cystitis include: | 6. Urinating after coitus aka copulation or sexual intercourse. |
| Methods to decrease the risk of cystitis include: | 7. Increasing water intake called forcing fluids. |
| Methods to decrease the risk of cystitis include: | 8. Taking a nighttime supplement of ascorbic acid aka Vitamin C. |
| URETHRITIS | |
| The urethra is the vessel (tube or duct or canal) that transports (carries) urine from the: | urinary bladder to the outside world. |
| Urethritis means: | Inflammation of the urethra. |
| Urethritis is commonly caused by: | exposure to normal colon flora such as E. coli. |
| Urethritis in females commonly accompanies: | an inflammation of the urinary bladder called cystitis aka a "bladder infection". |
| Urethritis can occur when exposed to: | 1. The most common STD called chlamydia. |
| STD stands for: | sexually transmitted disease. |
| Urethritis can occur when exposed to: | 2. The 2nd most common STI abbreviated GC which stands for gonococci aka gonorrhea. |
| STI stands for: | sexually transmitted infection. |
| Signs and symptoms of urethritis include: | 1. Dysuria which means painful (burning) urination. |
| Signs and symptoms of urethritis include: | 2. Dyspareunia which means painful coitus (copulation of sexual intercourse). |
| Signs and symptoms of urethritis include: | 3. Mucopurulent urethral discharge which means release of mucus and pus from the urethral meatus (opening) |
| Signs and symptoms of urethritis include: | 4. Urethral pruritis which means itching. |
| FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE DISEASES | |
| Vaginitis means: | inflammation of the vagina. |
| Vaginitis is commonly caused by a: | fungus called candida albicans aka monilia. |
| Vaginitis caused by proliferation of candida albicans (monilial) is called: | candidiasis or moniliasis or vaginal yeast (fungal) infection. |
| Proliferation (rapid reproduction) of candida albicans (monilia) can occur (happen) with the use of: | a. Anti-infective medications called antibiotics. |
| Proliferation (rapid reproduction) of candida albicans (monilia) can occur (happen) with the use of: | b. Vaginal irrigation (flushing) called douching. |
| Antibiotics and/or douches (irrigation) can: | decrease vaginal normal flora allowing opportunistic fungi (yeast) such as candida albicans (monilia) to proliferate. |
| Normal flora are: | beneficial microorganisms (microbes). |
| Sx and SX of vaginitis caused by candida albicans (monilia) include: | 1. Vaginal pruritis which means itching. |
| Sx and SX of vaginitis caused by candida albicans (monilia) include: | 3. Dysuria which means painful (burning) urination. |
| Sx and SX of vaginitis caused by candida albicans (monilia) include: | 4. Dyspareunia which means painful coitus (copulation or sexual intercourse). |
| Sx and SX of vaginitis caused by candida albicans (monilia) include: | 5. Pungent viscous leukorrhea which means strong smelling thick white or yellow vaginal flow (discharge). |
| Treatment for vaginitis caused by candida albicans includes: | anti-infective medications called antifungals. |
| Candida albicans is a: | yeast (fungus) aka monilia. |
| Vaginitis (inflammation of the vagina) caused by thinning of the vaginal septa (walls) is called: | atrophic vaginitis. |
| Atrophic vaginitis results from a decrease in estrogen production associated with: | menopause. |
| A common complaint with atrophic vaginitis is: | dyspareunia which means painful coitus or painful copulation or painful sexual intercourse. |
| Treatment for atrophic vaginitis includes: | 1. Administration of ERT aka HRT which stand for estrogen replacement therapy. |
| Treatment for atrophic vaginitis includes: | 2. Water soluble lubricants such as K-Y jelly. |
| Treatment for atrophic vaginitis includes: | 3. Antibiotic creams for opportunistic bacterial vaginal infections. |
| Treatment for atrophic vaginitis includes: | 4. Steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (SAID) creams to reduce inflammation. |
| CERVICAL CANCER | |
| Cervical cancer refers to a malignancy of the inferior portion or neck of the uterus abbreviated CX which stands for: | cervix. Inferior means lower. |
| A cervical malignancy has a good prognosis (Px) if detected (found) before: | metastasis (spread). |
| The most common test to detect (find) a cervical malignancy is a cervical biopsy (Bx) called a: | PAP test or PAP smear. |
| Abnormal cervical cells detected (found) before metastasis are abbreviated CIS which stands for: | carcinoma in situ. |
| Tx for carcinoma in situ (CIS) includes: | 1. Surgical removal (excision) of the affected cervical section (part) called a conization. |
| Carcinoma in situ (CIS) means: | detection of abnormal cervical cells before metastasis (spread). |
| Treatment for CIS includes: | 2. Surgical removal (excision) of the affected cervical section (part) abbreviated LEEP which stands for loop electrosurgical excision procedure. |
| Treatment for carcinoma in situ (CIS) includes: | 3. Freezing to destroy the affected cervical section called cryosurgery. |
| Treatment for carcinoma in situ (CIS) includes: | 4. Burning to destroy the affected cervical section (part) called cauterization. |
| Treatment for carcinoma in situ (CIS) includes: | 5. Hysterectomy which means surgical removal (excision) of the uterus (womb). |
| FIBROID TUMORS OF THE UTERUS | |
| Fibroid tumors of the uterus are aka: | uterine fibroids or leiomyomas. The uterus is aka the womb. |
| Leiomyomas are idiopathic benign tumors of the myometrium which is the: | muscle layer of the uterus. |
| Sx and SX of leiomyomas include: | 1. A hurting discomfort between the abdomen and thighs called pelvic pain. |
| Sx and SX of leiomyomas include: | 2. Menorrhagia which means excessive or prolonged menstruation (menses). |
| Menstruation (menses) is the: | cyclic 28 day sloughing (shedding) of the endometrium (uterine inner lining). |
| Sx and SX of leiomyomas include: | 3. Metrorrhagia which means bleeding between menses. |
| Sx and SX of leiomyomas include: | 4. Dyspareunia which means painful coitus (copulation or sexual intercourse. |
| Sx and SX of leiomyomas include: | 5. The inability to reproduce called infertility or sterility. |
| Diagnosis of uterine fibroids (leiomyomas) is confirmed with: | 1. Sonohysterography which means process of recording the uterus using sound. |
| Sx and SX of leiomyomas include: | 2. Pelvic laparoscopy which means process of using a lighted instrument to view the pelvic cavity inserted through the abdomen. |
| Treatment for leiomyomas include: | 1. Myomectomy which means surgical removal (excision) of the uterine fibroids. |
| Treatment for leiomyomas include: | 2. Myolysis which means destruction of the uterine fibroids using UFE which stands for uterine fibroid embolization. |
| Treatment for leiomyomas include: | 3. Hysterectomy which means surgical removal (excision) of the uterus (womb). |
| OVARIAN NEOPLASMS | |
| The most common ovarian neoplasm is an: | ovarian cyst. Neoplasm means new growth. |
| An ovarian cyst is usually a: | benign fluid filled sac or vesicle (blister). Benign means nonmalignant (non-spreading). |
| Ovarian cysts usually abate (subside) with time but large ovarian cysts that interfere with blood flow can be: | removed surgically. Abate (subside) means diminish (lessen) or disappear. |
| POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME (PCOS) | |
| Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is idiopathic (unknown cause) disorder characterized (described) by: | formation of many ovarian cysts. |
| PCOS commonly causes an overproduction of the male sex hormone called: | testosterone aka androgen. |
| Sx and SX of polycystic ovary syndrome include: | 1. Weight gain and chronic hypertension. |
| Sx and SX of polycystic ovary syndrome include: | 2. Hair growth on the face, chest, back, thumbs and toes called hirsutism. |
| Sx and SX of polycystic ovary syndrome include: | 3. Scalp alopecia which means hair loss. |
| Sx and SX of polycystic ovary syndrome include: | 4. AV which stands for acne vulgaris. |
| Sx and SX of polycystic ovary syndrome include: | 5. Irregular menstrual cycle. |
| Sx and SX of polycystic ovary syndrome include: | 6. OSA which means obstructive sleep apnea. |
| Sx and SX of polycystic ovary syndrome include: | 7. MDD which stands for major depressive disorder aka clinical depression. |
| PCOS is the most common cause of an inability to reproduce called: | infertility or sterility. |
| PCOS can increase the risk of: | 1. CVD which stands for cardiovascular disease. |
| PCOS can increase the risk of: | 2. DM which stands for diabetes mellitus. |
| OVARIAN CANCER | |
| Ovarian malignancies are the 5th leading cause of cancer (CA) mortality in women because of metastasis (spread) commonly occurring before: | signs and symptoms appear. Mortality means death. |
| Diagnosis of an ovarian malignancy can be confirmed with: | 1. TVUS which stands for transvaginal ultrasound. |
| Diagnosis of an ovarian malignancy can be confirmed with: | 2. A blood test to detect a protein called CA-125. |
| Diagnosis of an ovarian malignancy can be confirmed with: | 3. An ovarian tissue specimen (sample) obtained for analysis (examination) called a biopsy (Bx). |
| Treatment for an ovarian malignancy includes: | 1. antineoplastic medications aka chemotherapy. |
| BREAST CANCER | |
| The most common breast malignancy is a glandular neoplasm (new growth) called an: | adenocarcinoma. |
| Breast malignancies commonly metastasize (spread) through: | the blood + lymphatic system. |
| Breast malignancy factors include: | 1. Being over age 55. |
| Breast malignancy factors include: | 2. A sedentary lifestyle which means little or no regular exercise. |
| Breast malignancy factors include: | 3. Heredity aka familial. |
| Breast malignancy factors include: | 4. Consumption of ETOH which stands for ethanol (alcohol). |
| Breast malignancy factors include: | 5. Nulligravida which means no pregnancies.Breast malignancy factors include: |
| Breast malignancy factors include: | 6. BCPs (OCPs) which stand for birth control pills aka oral contraceptive pills. |
| Breast malignancy factors include: | 7. ERT (HRT) which stands for estrogen replacement therapy aka hormone replacement therapy. |
| Signs of a breast malignancy include: | 1. A painless hard fixated mass (collection), (lump) that has irregular edges. |
| Signs of a breast malignancy include: | 2. Axillary lymphadenopathy which means edematous (swollen) lymph nodes of an axilla (armpit). |
| Signs of a breast malignancy include: | 3. Discharge (flow) from a papilla aka a nipple. |
| Signs of a breast malignancy include: | 4. Skin puckering and/or dimpling. |
| Signs of a breast malignancy include: | 5. Papillary retraction which means flattened nipple. |
| Treatment for a breast malignancy includes: | 1. Beam of intense energy called radiation therapy. |
| Treatment for a breast malignancy includes: | 2. Chemotherapy aka antineoplastic medications. |
| Treatment for a breast malignancy includes: | 3. Lumpectomy which means surgical removal (excision) of a breast. |
| Treatment for a breast malignancy includes: | 4. Mastectomy which means surgical removal (excision) of a breast. |
| The younger a person is with a breast malignancy, the more: | aggressive the cancer. |
| BENIGN BREAST NEOPLASMS | |
| The most common benign breast neoplasm (new growth) is called a: | fibroadenoma. |
| A fibroadenoma is usually: | solid, round, rubbery, painless and moves freely. |
| A 2nd type of benign (nonmalignant) breast neoplasm is abbreviated FCC which stands for: | fibrocystic changes aka "lumpy breasts". |
| Fibrocystic changes (FCC) usually occur in both breasts and increase in size and tenderness just prior to: | endometrial sloughing (shedding) called menses aka menstruation. The endometrium is the inner lining of the uterus (womb). |
| A 3rd type of benign (nonmalignant) breast neoplasm (new growth) is a fluid filled sac called: | a cyst. |
| Breast cysts are round, moveable, and may increase in size and become tender just before endometrial (uterine lining) sloughing (shedding) called: | menses (menstruation). |
| TOXIC SHOCK SYNDROME (TSS) | |
| Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is commonly caused by proliferation of: | staphylococci (staph) or streptococci (strep). |
| Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is associated with the use of: | tampons. |
| The risk of toxic shock syndrome (TSS) can be greatly reduced if tampons are: | changed frequently. |
| Super-absorbent tampons: | should be avoided. |
| PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME (PMS) | |
| Premenstrual syndrome refers to a group of signs and symptoms that begin 1-2 weeks before and usually ceases (stops) with the onset (beginning) of: | endometrial sloughing (shedding) aka menstruation (menses). |
| Signs and symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) include: | 1. Dysmenorrhea which means painful menstrual flow. |
| Signs and symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) include: | 2. Fluid retention causing edema (swelling) and weight gain. |
| Signs and symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) include: | 3. Mastalgia which means breast pain. |
| Signs and symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) include: | 4. Cephalgia which means headache. |
| Signs and symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) include: | 5. AV which stands for acne vulgaris. |
| Signs and symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) include: | 6. Inability to obtain adequate sleep called insomnia. |
| Signs and symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) include: | 7. Fatigue which means loss of energy. |
| Signs and symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) include: | 8. Sudden emotional changes called mood swings. |
| Signs and symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) include: | 9. Anxiety, anxiousness, and tension at a more intense level than normal called neurosis (neurotic) |
| Signs and symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) include: | 10. Quick annoyance called irritability. |
| Signs and symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) include: | 11. MDD which stands for major depressive disorder aka clinical depression. |
| Signs and symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) include: | 12. Unfriendly behavior called hostility. |
| Signs and symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) include: | 13. Uncontrollable weeping called crying spells. |
| Signs and symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) include: | 14. Food cravings especially those that are sweet and/or salty. |
| Treatment for premenstrual syndrome include: | 1. Increasing intake of water called forcing fluid. |
| Treatment for premenstrual syndrome include: | 2. Regular exercise to decrease bloating. |
| Treatment for premenstrual syndrome include: | 3. Avoiding consumption of salt, sugar, caffeine and alcholol. |
| A severe form of premenstrual syndrome is abbreviated PMDD which stands for: | premenstrual dysphoric disorder. |
| The symptoms of PMDD can be severe enough to interfere with: | work and/or social activities and/or relationships. |
| Treatment for PMDD includes: | 1. Sedatives aka antianxiety medications or minor tranquilizers. |
| Treatment for PMDD includes: | 2. Antidepressant medications to treat MDD which stands for major depressive disorder. |
| ENDOMETRIOSIS | |
| Endometriosis means: | abnormal condition of ectopic (displaced) endometrium (uterine inner lining) |
| Signs and symptoms of endometriosis includes: | 1. A hurting discomfort between the abdomen and thighs called pelvic pain. |
| Signs and symptoms of endometriosis includes: | 2. Menorrhagia which means excessive or prolonged menstruation. |
| Signs and symptoms of endometriosis includes: | 3.Metrorrhagia which means bleeding between menses. |
| Signs and symptoms of endometriosis includes: | 4. Dyspareunia which means painful copulation (coitus or sexual intercourse). |
| Signs and symptoms of endometriosis includes: | 5. The inability to reproduce called infertility or sterility. |
| Treatment for endometriosis includes: | 1. Laparoscopic excision of the ectopic endometrium which means surgical removal of the displaced uterine lining with a lighted instrument inserted into the abdomen. |
| Treatment for endometriosis includes: | 2. Hormonal contraceptives to cause amenorrhea which means no menstrual flow (discharge). |
| ECTOPIC PREGNANCY (EP) | |
| An ectopic pregnancy (EP) occurs when a: | fertilized ovum implants (attaches) in tissue outside the uterus (womb). |
| The most common site for an ectopic pregnancy (EP) is a: | uterine tube aka a fallopian tube or oviduct. (UFO). |
| An ectopic (displaced) pregnancy (EP) in a uterine tube is called: | salpingocyesis or "tubal pregnancy. |
| Causes of ectopic pregnancy (EP) include: | 1. An abnormal condition of displaced uterine inner lining called endometriosis. |
| Causes of ectopic pregnancy (EP) include: | 2. Bilateral salpingitis which means inflammation of both fallopian tubes. |
| Bilateral salpingitis is commonly associated with STDs that cause: | oviduct adhesions which means the fallopian tubes (uterine tubes) stick together. |
| Signs and symptoms of an ectopic pregnancy usually occur: | at the end of the 2nd month and include vaginal bleeding and severe unilateral pelvic pain. Unilateral means one side. |
| Treatment for an ectopic pregnancy (EP) includes: | 1. TA which stands for therapeutic (beneficial) abortion. |
| SPONTANEOUS ABORTION | |
| A spontaneous abortion is aka a: | miscarriage. |
| A spontaneous abortion (miscarriage) usually occurs (happens) between weeks: | 7 and 12. |
| A spontaneous abortion (miscarriage) during the 1st trimester is often caused by a: | fetal genetic anomaly (abnormality). |
| The first trimester refers to the : | first three months. |
| Causes of spontaneous abortion include: | 1. Maternal infection during pregnancy (gestation). |
| Causes of spontaneous abortion include: | 2. Medications (drugs), alcohol (ETOH), tobacco, and/or caffeine during pregnancy aka gestation. |
| Causes of spontaneous abortion include: | 3. Poor nutrition during pregnancy (gestation). |
| Causes of spontaneous abortion include: | 4. Exposure to ionizing radiation such as X-rays. |
| Surgery to scrape the endometrium if placental tissue remains after parturition or spontaneous abortion is abbreviated: | D+C which stands for dilatation and curetage. |
| TOXEMIA | |
| Toxemia is aka: | preeclampsia. |
| Preeclampsia (toxemia) can occur: | after 20 weeks of gestation aka pregnancy. |
| Signs of preeclampsia (toxemia) include: | 1. PIH which stands for pregnancy induced hypertension. |
| Signs of preeclampsia (toxemia) include: | 2. Albuminuria which means albumin (protein) in the urine. |
| Signs of preeclampsia (toxemia) include: | 3. Unusual weight gain and edema (swelling) in the face and or arms and or legs. |
| Preeclampsia (toxemia) with seizures is called: | eclampsia |
| Preeclampsia (toxemia) and eclampsia risk can be reduced with: | 1. Routine prenatal (before birth) care. |
| Preeclampsia (toxemia) and eclampsia risk can be reduced with: | 2. Proper nutrition. |
| MALE REPRODUCTIVE DISEASES | |
| Prostatitis means: | inflammation of the prostate. |
| Prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate) is commonly caused by bacteria such as: | 1. Normal colon flora called Escherichia coli (E. coli). |
| Prostatitis (inflammation of the prostate) is commonly caused by bacteria such as: | 2. GC which stands for gonococci aka gonorrhea. |
| Signs and symptoms of prostatitis include: | 1. The urge (desire or need) to void (micturate) frequently called urinary frequency. |
| Signs and symptoms of prostatitis include: | 2. An acute (sudden) urge to void called urinary urgency. |
| Signs and symptoms of prostatitis include: | 3. Dysuria which means painful urinating. |
| Signs and symptoms of prostatitis include: | 4. Pyuria which means pus in the urine. |
| Signs and symptoms of prostatitis include: | 5. Hematuria which means blood in the urine. |
| Signs and symptoms of prostatitis include: | 6. Male dyspareunia which refers to painful ejaculation. |
| Prostatitis usually responds well to: | anti-infective medications called antibiotics. |
| ENLARGED PROSTATE | |
| A nonmalignant excessive growth of the prostate is abbreviated BPH which stands for: | benign prostatic hypertrophy aka benign prostatic hyperplasia. |
| BPH is more common after the age of: | 50. |
| An enlarged prostate can frequently be palpated by: | DRE which stands for digital rectal examination. |
| Use of sound waves through the rectal wall to obtain an image of the prostate is abbreviated: | TRUS which stands for transrectal ultrasound. |
| Benign prostatic hypertrophy can compress (squeeze) the urethra causing a delay in initiating (starting) micturition called: | urinary hesitancy. Micturition means urination or voiding. |
| BPH can compress (squeeze) the urethra causing the inability to micturate (void) called: | urinary retention. |
| Urinary retention can cause the urinary bladder to fill completely leading to an abnormal condition of excessive fluid in the kidneys called: | Hydronephrosis. |
| Urinary retention means the: | inability to urinate (micturate or void). |
| Treatment (Tx) for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) includes: | insertion of a microwave antenna through the urethra to the prostate for heat treatment abbreviated TUMT which stands for transurethral microwave thermotherapy. |
| Treatment for benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) includes: | insertion of a cystoscope through the urethra and the insertion of tiny needles in the prostate to deliver radio waves that remove excess prostatic tissue abbreviated TUNA which stands for transurethral needle ablation. |
| Treatment for BPH includes: | insertion of a laser resectoscope through the urethra to remove excess prostatic tissue called prostatic laser enucleation. |
| PROSTATIC CANCER | |
| Prostatic carcinoma is a: | malignant neoplasm which means dangerous new growth. |
| Any malignant neoplasm has the ability to: | spread called metastasis. |
| Prostatic carcinoma may be small and initially asymptomatic which means: | no symptoms. |
| Signs and symptoms of prostatic carcinoma include: | 1. Dysuria which means difficult urination. |
| Signs and symptoms of prostatic carcinoma include: | 2. Hematuria which means blood in the urine. |
| Signs and symptoms of prostatic carcinoma include: | 3. Nocturia which means chronic (persistent) night urination. |
| Signs and symptoms of prostatic carcinoma include: | 4. Weight loss from anorexia which means no appetite. |
| Signs and symptoms of prostatic carcinoma include: | 5. The inability to control urination called urinary incontinence aka enuresis. |
| A good prognosis (predicted outcome) for prostatic carcinoma depends on: | early detection. |
| A blood test to detect a predisposition (tendency) for prostatic carcinoma is abbreviated PSA which stands for: | prostatic specific antigen. |
| A prostatic specific antigen (PSA) should be performed annually (yearly) for males over the age of: | 50 (45 for African-Americans). |
| Treatment for prostatic carcinoma includes: | 1. Beams of intense energy called radiation therapy. |
| Treatment for prostatic carcinoma includes: | 2. Antineoplastic medications aka chemotherapy. |
| Treatment for prostatic carcinoma includes: | 3. Bilateral orchiectomy which means surgical removal (excision of the testes (testicles). |
| Treatment for prostatic carcinoma includes: | 4. Prostatectomy which means surgical removal (excision) of the prostate. |
| CRYPTOORCHIDISM | |
| Cryptorchidism means: | undescended (hidden) testicle (testis). |
| Untreated cryptorchidism can cause: | sterility aka infertility. |
| Treatment for cryptorchidism includes: | 1. Orchiopexy which means surgical fixation of a testis (testicle). |
| Treatment for cryptorchidism inc | 2. Orchiectomy which means surgical removal (excision) of a testis (testicle). |
| IMPOTENCE | |
| Impotence is the inability to achieve or maintain an erection abbreviated ED which stands for: | erectile dysfunction. |
| Impotence aka erectile dysfunction (ED) can be caused by: | 1. Poorly controlled stress. |
| Impotence aka erectile dysfunction (ED) can be caused by: | 2. Trauma (injury) to the nerves controlling blood flow to the penis. |
| Impotence aka erectile dysfunction (ED) can be caused by: | 3. Complications associated with prostatectomy which means surgical removal of the prostate. |
| Impotence aka erectile dysfunction (ED) can be caused by: | 4. DM which stands for diabetes mellitus. |
| Impotence aka erectile dysfunction (ED) can be caused by: | 6. Abuse of drugs and/or alcohol (ETOH). |
| Impotence aka erectile dysfunction (ED) can be caused by: | 7. Side effects of medication such as antihypertensives or antidepressants or sedatives (antianxiety medications) or antihistamines or antipsychotics (major tranquilizers). |
| Treatment for impotence includes: | 1. Medications for erectile dysfunction (ED). |
| Treatment for impotence includes: | 2. Surgical placement of a penile prosthetic (artificial part) aka a implant. |
| SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES (STDs) | |
| Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) are also known as STIs which stands for: | sexually transmitted infections. |
| CHLAMYDIA | |
| Chlamydia is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted disease (STD) and the most common cause of inflammation of the female reproductive organ abbreviated PID which stands for: | pelvic inflammatory disease. |
| Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) can also be caused by the 2nd most common bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) called: | gonorrhea which is caused by gonococci (GC). |
| Signs and symptoms of chlamydia in females include: | 1. A hurting discomfort between the abdomen and thighs called pelvic pain. |
| Signs and symptoms of chlamydia in females include: | 2. Dysuria which means painful (burning) urination (micturition). |
| Signs and symptoms of chlamydia in females include: | 3. Pungent viscous leukorrhea which means strong smelling, thick white or yellow vaginal flow (discharge). |
| Signs and symptoms of chlamydia in females include: | 4. Dyspareunia which means painful coitus. |
| Signs and symptoms of chlamydia in females include: | 5. Dysmenorrhea which means painful menstruation. |
| Untreated chlamydia in females can cause bilateral salpingitis which means: | inflammation of both fallopian tubes or oviducts. |
| Bilateral salpingitis can cause the: | inability to reproduce called infertility or sterility. |
| Signs and symptoms of chlamydia in males include: | 1. Orchialgia which means pain in the testicles (testes). |
| Signs and symptoms of chlamydia in males include: | 2. Balanorrhea which means flow (discharge) from the glans penis urethral os). |
| Signs and symptoms of chlamydia in males include: | 3. Dysuria which means painful (burning) urination. |
| Signs and symptoms of chlamydia in males include: | 4. Testicular edema which means swelling of the testicles. |
| Chlamydia can be cured with the administration of: | anti-infective medications called antibiotics. |
| GONORRHEA | |
| Gonorrhea can be asymptomatic which means: | no symptoms. |
| Untreated gonorrhea can cause: | sterility (infertility) in males and females. |
| Signs and symptoms of gonorrhea in females may include: | 1. A hurting discomfort between the abdomen and thighs called pelvic pain. |
| Signs and symptoms of gonorrhea in females may include: | 2. Dysuria which means painful (burning) urination (micturition or voiding). |
| Signs and symptoms of gonorrhea in females may include: | 3. A greenish -yellow discharge (release) from the vagina. |
| Signs and symptoms of gonorrhea in females may include: | 4. Pharyngitis which means inflammation of the pharynx (throat). |
| Gonorrhea transmitted (spread) to a fetus during parturition can cause: | blindness and possibly death. Parturition means childbirth. |
| Signs and symptoms of gonorrhea in males may include: | 1. Orchialgia which means testicular pain. |
| Signs and symptoms of gonorrhea in males may include: | 2. Dysuria which means painful (burning) urination. |
| Signs and symptoms of gonorrhea in males may include: | 3. Balanorrhea which means flow (discharge) from the glans penis (urethral os). |
| Signs and symptoms of gonorrhea in males may include: | 4. Pharyngitis which means inflammation of the pharynx (throat). |
| Gonorrhea can be cured with the administration of: | anti-infective medications called antibiotics. |
| SYPHILIS | |
| Syphilis is a bacterial sexually transmitted disease (STD) characterized by a primary stage where one or more highly contagious painless ulcers can appear on the penis, vaginal labia, anus, oral labia and tongue called: | chancres. |
| Primary stage syphilis can be cured with the administration of: | anti-infective medications called antibiotics. |
| Untreated syphilis will progress to the secondary stage characterized (described) by a highly communicable (contagious) nonpruritic (non-itchy) rash on the: | palms and soles. |
| Secondary stage syphilis can be cured with the administration of: | anti-infective medications called antibiotics. |
| Tertiary stage syphilis occurs (happens) years after the primary stage and: | cannot be cured. |
| Complications associated with tertiary (third) stage syphilis include: | 1. Psychopathy which means disease condition of the mind. |
| Complications associated with tertiary (third) stage syphilis include: | 2. Heart disease. |
| Complications associated with tertiary (third) stage syphilis include: | 3. Blindness. |
| Complications associated with tertiary (third) stage syphilis include: | 4. Death. |
| Blood tests to detect (find) syphilis include: | 1. VDRL - venereal disease lab. |
| Blood tests to detect (find) syphilis include: | 2. RPR - rapid plasma regain) |
| Blood tests to detect (find) syphilis include: | 3. EIA - enzyme immunoassay. |
| GENITAL HERPES | |
| Genital herpes is a viral sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by HSVII which stands for: | herpes simplex virus 2. |
| Antibiotics have no effect on: | viruses. |
| Signs and symptoms of the herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV II) include: | 1. Multiple painful (burning) pruritic (itchy) vesicles (blisters) on the genitalia and/or buttocks and/or thighs. |
| The genital herpes (HSVII) lesions appear when the immune system is: | compromised which means weakened. |
| General herpes (HSVII) is more easily transmitted (spread) when the vesicular blister lesions are: | visible. |
| There is no cure for genital herpes (HSVII) but outbreaks (appearances) of the vesicular (blister) lesions can be lessened with: | antiviral medications such as Valtrex (valacyclovir). |
| HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV) | |
| Human papillomavirus is a viral sexually transmitted disease (STD): | consisting of (containing) 40 HPV types. |
| Antibiotics have no effect on: | viruses. |
| Most of the 40 HPV types can be defeated by a: | healthy immune system. |
| Two HVP types cause: | 90% of the lesions (abnormal growths) called genital warts. |
| HPV stands for: | human papillomavirus. |
| Human papillomavirus (HPV) lesions (genital warts) commonly appear on the | penis and scrotum in males and vulva (external genitalia) in females. |
| Human papillomavirus (HPV) lesions (genital warts) cause: | pain and pruritis which means itching. |
| Treatment for human papillomavirus (HPV) lesions includes: | 1. Antiviral medications such as Aldara (imiquimod) |
| Human papillomavirus (HPV) lesions are called: | genital warts. |
| Treatment for HPV lesions (genital warts) includes: | 2. Electrocautery which means burning to destroy the lesions (genital warts). |
| Treatment for HPV lesions (genital warts) includes: | 3. Cryosurgery which means freezing to destroy the lesions (genital warts). |
| Two (2) other human papillomavirus (HPV) types cause: | 75% of all cervical malignancies. |
| Human papillomavirus (HPV) is also associated with CVD which stands for: | cardiovascular disease. |
| The risk of a human papillomavirus (HPV) infection increases the earlier a person begins: | intimate physical activity with others. |
| The risk of a human papillomavirus infection: | increases with the number of different sexual partners. |
| There is no cure for these 4 types of HPV but: | a vaccine (immunization) is available called Gardasil (3 doses over 6 months) |
| A vaccine (immunization) is an attenuated (crippled) antigen or: | inactivated (dead) antigen. |
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