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Integumentary System
Layers, Functions, and Pigmentation
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Stratum Corneum | "Horny Layer"; Overcoat of body; Top layer of epidermis; Keratin and glycolipids; Protection against abrasions, penetrations, and water loss; 20-30 shingle, like dead cells thick |
| Stratum Lucidum | "Clear Layer"; Second layer of epidermis; Clear, flat, dead cells; Added thickness on palms of hands and soles of feet |
| Stratum Granulosum | "Granular Layer"; Third layer of epidermis; Cells become flatter, full of keratin; Water resistant (glycolipids fill spaces) |
| Stratum Spinosum | "Prickly Layer"; Fourth layer of epidermis; Thick bundles of pre-keratin; Abundant melanin granules |
| Stratum Basale | "Base Layer"; Fifth layer of epidermis; Single row of stem cells; Receive nutrients from dermis; Rapid cell division |
| Epidermis | Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium; Full of keratinocytes and melanocytes |
| Keratinocytes | Produce the fibrous protein keratin; Growth starts in deepest layer and is pushed upward til dead at the top |
| Melanocytes | Produce pigment-giving melanin |
| Dermis | Strong, flexible tissue with a semi-fluid matrix of fibers (collagen elastic); Made of fibroblast, macrophage, mast, and white blood cells; Contains nerve fibers, blood vessels, lymph vessels, hair follicles, oil glands, and sweat glands |
| Papillary Layer | Upper part of dermis; Peg-like projections; Contains capillary loops, free nerve endings, and touch receptors; Forms ridges that increase friction to enhance gripping and also construct fingerprints |
| Reticular Layer | Deepest skin layer; Lower part of dermis; Dense, fibrous connective tissue; Contains blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, pressure receptors, and WBCs; Collagen fibers in bundles form cleavage lines |
| Meissner's Corpuscles | Touch receptors in papillary layer |
| Pacinian Corpuscles | Pressure receptors in reticular layer |
| Hypodermis | Subcutaneous fascia; Adipose tissue underneath skin; Anchors skin to muscle below |
| Collagen Fiber | Give skin strength; Binds water to hydrate skin |
| Elastic Fiber | Stretch-recoil properties of skin |
| Blood Vessel in Dermis | Maintains body temperature; To cool, they swell with heated blood so skin becomes heated and radiates heat; To heat, the blood bypasses them to go straight to the skin |
| Melanin | Could be brown-black or pink-red; Made by melanocytes; Only found in stratum basale; Protects DNA from UV radiation |
| Carotene | Yellow-orange; Accumulates in stratum corneum and hypodermis; Converts to vitamin A in body |
| Hemoglobin | Pinkish hue from red blood cells in capillaries (hb) |
| Bronzing | Addison's disease, pituitary gland tumors |
| Eccrine Sweat Glands | Releases sweat that is 99% water, salts, vitamin C, antibodies, and wastes; Abundant in palms, soles of feet, and forehead' Evaporative cooling |
| Apocrine Sweat Glands | Sweat and fatty substances and proteins make this sweat look milky and yellowish; Combines with bacteria to make body odor; Activated at puberty and is possibly the sexual scent gland |
| Sebaceous Glands | Secrete oil (sebum) into hair follicle; Waterproofing the skin; Kills bacteria |
| Arrector Pili | Attached to root of hair to pull it upright (creates goose bumps) |
| Nail | Grows from nail matrix; Visible part is called the body; Contains hard keratin |
| Cuticle | Part of nail that covers the nail's root |
Created by:
Allofakind
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