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anatomy CH2
Term/Definition
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| acid | compound that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in solution |
| activation energy | amount of energy greater than the energy contained in the reactants, which must be overcome for a reaction to proceed |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | nucleotide containing ribose and an adenine base that is essential in energy transfer |
| amino acid | building block of proteins; characterized by an amino and carboxyl functional groups and a variable side-chain |
| anion | atom with a negative charge |
| atom | smallest unit of an element that retains the unique properties of that element |
| atomic number | number of protons in the nucleus of an atom |
| base | compound that accepts hydrogen ions (H+) in solution |
| bond | electrical force linking atoms |
| buffer | solution containing a weak acid or a weak base that opposes wide fluctuations in the pH of body fluids |
| carbohydrate | class of organic compounds built from sugars, molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1-2-1 ratio |
| catalyst | substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed in the process |
| cation | atom with a positive charge |
| chemical energy | form of energy that is absorbed as chemical bonds form, stored as they are maintained, released as they are broken |
| colloid | liquid mixture in which the solute particles consist of clumps of molecules large enough to scatter light |
| compound | substance composed of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds |
| concentration | number of particles within a given space |
| covalent bond | chemical bond in which two atoms share electrons, thereby completing their valence shells |
| decomposition reaction | type of catabolic reaction in which one or more bonds within a larger molecule are broken, resulting in the release of smaller molecules or atoms |
| denaturation | change in the structure of a molecule through physical or chemical means |
| deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | deoxyribose-containing nucleotide that stores genetic information |
| disaccharide | pair of carbohydrate monomers bonded by dehydration synthesis via a glycosidic bond |
| disulfide bond | covalent bond formed within a polypeptide between sulfide groups of sulfur-containing amino acids, for example, cysteine |
| electron | subatomic particle having a negative charge and nearly no mass; found orbiting the atom's nucleus |
| electron shell | area of space a given distance from an atom's nucleus in which electrons are grouped |
| element | substance that cannot be created or broken down by ordinary chemical means |
| enzyme | protein or RNA that catalyzes chemical reactions |
| exchange reaction | type of chemical reaction in which bonds are both formed and broken, resulting in the transfer of components |
| functional group | group of atoms linked by strong covalent bonds that tends to behave as a distinct unit in chemical reactions with other atoms |
| hydrogen bond | dipole-dipole bond in which a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom is weakly attracted to a second electronegative atom |
| inorganic compound | substance that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen |
| ion | atom with an overall positive or negative charge |
| ionic bond | attraction between an anion and a cation |
| isotope | one of the variations of an element in which the number of neutrons differ from each other |
| kinetic energy | energy that matter possesses because of its motion |
| lipid | class of nonpolar organic compounds built from hydrocarbons and distinguished by the fact that they are not soluble in water |
| macromolecule | large molecule formed by covalent bonding |
| mass number | sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom |
| matter | physical substance; that which occupies space and has mass |
| molecule | two or more atoms covalently bonded together |
| monosaccharide | monomer of carbohydrate; also known as a simple sugar |
| neutron | heavy subatomic particle having no electrical charge and found in the atom's nucleus |
| neucleotide | class of organic compounds composed of one or more phosphate groups, a pentose sugar, and a base |
| organic compound | substance that contains both carbon and hydrogen |
| peptide bond | covalent bond formed by dehydration synthesis between two amino acids |
| periodic table of the elements | arrangement of the elements in a table according to their atomic number; elements having similar properties because of their electron arrangements compose columns in the table, while elements having the same number of valence shells compose rows |
| pH | negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration of a solution |
| phospholipid | a lipid compound in which a phosphate group is combined with a diglyceride |
| phosphorylation | addition of one or more phosphate groups to an organic compound |
| polar molecule | molecule with regions that have opposite charges resulting from uneven numbers of electrons in the nuclei of the atoms participating in the covalent bond |
| polysaccharide | compound consisting of more than two carbohydrate monomers bonded by dehydration synthesis via glycosidic bonds |
| potential energy | stored energy matter possesses because of the positioning or structure of its components |
| product | one or more substances produced by a chemical reaction |
| prostaglandin | lipid compound derived from fatty acid chains and important in regulating several body processes |
| protein | class of organic compounds that are composed of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds |
| proton | heavy subatomic particle having a positive charge and found in the atom's nucleus |
| purine | nitrogen-containing base with a double ring structure; adenine and guanine |
| pyrimidine | nitrogen-containing base with a single ring structure; cytosine, thiamine, and uracil |
| radioactive isotope | unstabe, heavy isotope that gives off subatomic particles, or electromagnetic energy, as it decays; also called radioisotopes |
| reactant | one or more substances that enter into the reaction |
| ribonucleic acid (RNA) | ribose-containing nucleotide that helps manifest the genetic code as protein |
| solution | homogeneous liquid mixture in which a solute is dissolved into molecules within a solvent |
| steroid/sterol | lipid compound composed of four hydrocarbon rings bonded to a variety of other atoms and molecules |
| substrate | reactant in an enzymatic reaction |
| suspension | liquid mixture in which particles distributed in the liquid settle out over time |
| synthesis reaction | type of anabolic reaction in which two or more atoms or molecules bond, resulting in the formation of a larger molecule |
| triglyceride | lipid compound composed of a glycerol molecule bonded with three fatty acid chains |
| valence shell | outermost electron shell of an atom |
| heavy isotope | an isotope that contains more than the usual number of neutrons |
| half-life | the time it takes for half of any size sample of an isotope to decay |
| octet rule | states that an atom will give up, gain, or share electrons with another atom so that it ends up with eight electrons in its own valence shell |
| electrically neutral | when an atom has the same number of positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons |
| single covalent bond | a single electron is shared between two atoms |
| double covalent bond | two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms |
| triple covalent bond | three pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms |
| partial charges | occurs in an ionic bond and the strength of the charge is less than one full electron |
| metabolism | the sum of all of the chemical reactions that go on to maintain an organism's health and life |
| anabolic chemical reactions | form larger molecules from smaller molecules or atoms |
| catabolic chemical reactions | bonds between components of larger molecules break, releasing smaller molecules or atoms |
| exergonic reactions | chemical reactions that release more energy than they absorb |
| mechanical energy | directly powers the movement of matter |
| radiant energy | energy emitted and transmitted as waves rather than matter |
| electromagnetic spectrum | the full spectrum of radiant energy |
| electrical energy | supplied by electrolytes in cells and body fluids; contributes to the voltage changes that help transmit impulses in nerve and muscle cells |
| heat sink | a substance or object that absorbs and dissipates heat but does not experience a corresponding increase in temperature |
| mixture | a combination of two or more substances, each of which maintains its own chemical identity |
| homogeneous | important characteristic of solutions, the solute molecules are distributed evenly throughout the solution |
| hydrophilic | water-loving |
| hydrophobic | water-fearing |
| molarity | the concentration of a solution expressed as the number of moles of solute per liter of solution |
| mole of an element | its atomic weight |
| mole of a compound | the sum of the atomic weights of its components, called the molecular weight |
| Avogadro's number | a mole of any solution has the same number of particles in it: 6.02x10^23 |
| sedimentation | separation of particles from a suspension |
| dehydration synthesis | refers to the formation of larger molecules from smaller reactants, accompanied by the loss of a water molecule. |
| condensation reaction | two functional groups combine to form a covalent bond along with the release of a small molecule such as water |
| hydrolysis | the chemical breakdown of a compound due to reaction with water |
| carbon skeleton | the chain of carbon atoms that forms the "backbone" or foundation, of any organic molecule |
| hydrocarbons | compound of hydrogen and carbon |
| monomer | molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer |
| saccharides | another term for sugar |
| glycosidic bond | a type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate molecule to another group |
| emulsion | the term for a mixture of solutions that do not mix well |
| saturated fatty acids | fatty acid chains that have no double carbon bonds anywhere along their length and therefore contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms |
| trans fats | are created from unsaturated fatty acids when chemically treated to produce partially hydrogenated fats |
| glycolipids | sugar-fat compounds found in the cell membrane |
| lipoproteins | compounds in which the hydrophobic triglycerides are packaged in protein envelopes for transport in body fluids |
| diglyceride | a glycerol with just two fatty acid chains |
| peptide | a very short chain of amino acids |
| polypeptides | a very short chain of amino acids containing fewer than 100 amino acids |
| essential amino acids | nine amino acids that cannot be synthesized and have to be consumed in the diet |
| elongated proteins | called fibrous proteins; are strong and durable and typically hydrophobic |
| globular proteins | globes or spheres that tend to be highly reactive and are hydrophilic |
| enzymatic reactions | chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes; begin when substrates bind to an enzyme |
| messanger RNA (mRNA) | created during protein synthesis to carry the genetic instructions from the DNA to the cell's protein manufacturing plants in the cytoplasm, the ribosomes |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | a nucleotide that is composed of a ribose sugar, an adenine base, and three phosphate groups; is classified as a high energy compound because the two covalent bonds linking its three phosphates store a significant amount of potential energy |
Created by:
jennw
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