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anatomy CH1
Term/Definition
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| anatomy | the scientific study of the body's structures |
| gross anatomy | the study of the larger structures of the body, visible without the aid of magnification |
| macroscopic anatomy | also known as gross anatomy, study of the larger structures of the body |
| microscopic anatomy | the study of structures that can be observed only with the use of a microscope or other magnification device |
| cytology | the study of cells |
| histology | the study of tissues |
| regional anatomy | the study of the interrelationships of all of the structures in a specific body region |
| systemic anatomy | the study of the structures that make up a discrete body system |
| physiology | the scientific study of the chemistry and physics of the structures of the body and the ways in which they work together to support the functions of life |
| homeostasis | the state of steady internal conditions maintained by living things |
| neurophysiology | the study of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves and how these work together to perform functions as complex and diverse as vision, movement, and thinking |
| cell | the smallest independently functioning unit of a living organism |
| cytoplasm | consists of all of the contents outside of the nucleus and enclosed within the cell membrane of a cell, a clear gel-like appearance composed mainly of water, but also contains enzymes, salts, organelles, and various organic molecules |
| organelle | a tiny cellular structure that performs specific functions within a cell, embedded within the cytoplasm of a cell |
| tissue | a group of many similar cells that work together to perform a specific function |
| organ | an anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissue types |
| organ system | a group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological needs of the body |
| organism | a living being that has a cellular structure and that can independently perform all physiologic functions necessary for life |
| anabolism | the process whereby smaller, simpler molecules are combined into larger, more complex substances |
| catabolism | the process by which larger more complex substances are broken down into smaller simpler molecules |
| metabolism | the sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions that take place in the body |
| adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | a complex organic chemical that provides energy to drive many processes in living cells, often referred to as the "molecular unit of currency" |
| responsiveness | the ability of an organism to adjust to changes in its internal and external environments |
| development | all of the changes the body goes through in life |
| differentiation | the process in which unspecialized cells become specialized in structure and function to perform certain tasks in the body |
| growth | the increase in body size |
| reproduction | the formation of a new organism from parent organisms |
| nutrient | a substance in foods and beverages that is essential to human survival |
| macronutrient | a type of food required in large amounts in the diet |
| micronutrient | a substance required in trace amounts for the normal growth and development of living organisms |
| pressure | a force exerted by a substance that is in contact with another substance |
| atmospheric pressure | pressure exerted by the mixture of gases(primarily nitrogen and oxygen) in the Earth's atmosphere |
| decompression sickness (DCS) | a condition in which gases dissolved in the blood or in other body tissues are no longer dissolved following a reduction in pressure on the body, brought about by a reduction in barometric pressure |
| blood pressure | the pressure exerted by blood as it flows within blood vessels |
| set point | the physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates |
| normal range | the restricted set of values that is optimally healthful and stable |
| negative feedback | a mechanism that reverses a deviation from the set point, maintains body parameters within their normal range |
| sensor | also known as a receptor, a component of a feedback system that monitors a physiological value |
| control center | the component in a feedback system that compares the value to the normal range |
| effector | the component in a feedback system that causes a change to reverse the situation and return the value to the normal range |
| positive feedback | intensifies a change in the body's physiological condition rather than reversing it, normal only when there is a definite end point |
| prone | describes a face-down orientation |
| supine | describes a face-up orientation |
| anterior/ventral | describes the front or direction toward the front of the body |
| posterior/dorsal | describes the back or direction toward the back of the body |
| superior/cranial | describes a position above or higher than another part of the body proper |
| inferior/caudal | describes a position below or lower than another part of the body proper, near or toward the lowest part of the spinal column |
| lateral | describes the side or direction toward the side of the body |
| medial | describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body |
| proximal | describes a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body |
| distal | describes a position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body |
| superficial | describes a position closer to the surface of the body |
| deep | describes a position farther from the surface of the body |
| section | a two-dimensional surface of a three-dimensional structure that has been cut |
| plane | an imaginary two-dimensional surface that passes through the body |
| sagittal plane | the plane that divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides |
| median plane/midsagittal | vertical plane that runs directly down the middle of the body |
| parasagittal plane | vertical plane that divides the body into unequal right and left sides, also called a longitudinal section |
| frontal plane | the plane that divides the body or an organ into an anterior portion and a posterior portion, also called a coronal plane |
| transverse plane | the plane that divides the body or organ horizontally into upper and lower portions |
| dorsal/posterior cavity | located along the dorsal surface of the human body, where it is subdivided into the cranial cavity and the spinal cavity |
| ventral/anterior cavity | located in the anterior aspect of the body, it is made up of the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity |
| cranial cavity | the main cavity of the skull, it lodges the brain, meninges, portions of the cranial nerves and blood vessels |
| spinal cavity | the cavity that contains the spinal cord within the vertebral column, formed by the vertebrae through which the spinal cord passes |
| thoracic cavity | the chamber of the body of vertebrates that is protected by the thoracic wall, the more superior subdivision of the anterior cavity |
| abdominopelvic cavity | the largest cavity of the body, consists of the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity |
| serous membrane/serosa | one of the thin membranes that cover the walls and organs in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities |
| pleura | the serous membrane that surrounds the lungs in the pleural cavity |
| pericardium | the serous membrane that surrounds the heart in the pericardial cavity |
| peritoneum | the serous membrane that surrounds several organs in the abdominopelvic cavity |
| pleural cavity | reduces friction between the lungs and the body wall |
| pericardial cavity | reduces friction between the heart and the wall of the pericardium |
| peritoneal cavity | reduces friction between the abdominal and pelvic organs and the body wall |
| x-ray | a form of high energy electromagnetic radiation with a short wavelength capable of penetrating solids and ionizing gases |
| computed tomography (CT) | a noninvasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional x-rays in order to reveal minute details about structures in the body |
| magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals |
| positron emission tomography (PET) | a medical imaging technique involving the use of so-called radiopharmaceuticals, can illustrate physiologic activity-including nutrient metabolism and blood flow-of the organ or organs being targeted |
| ultrasonography | an imaging technique that uses the transmission of high-frequency sound waves into the body to generate an echo signal that is converted by a computer into a real-time image of anatomy and physiology |
| intermediate | between a more medial and more lateral structure |
| parietal | pertaining to the wall of a body cavity |
| visceral | pertaining to the covering of an organ |
| ipsilateral | on the same side of the body |
| contralateral | on the opposite side of the body |
| axial division | the central part of the body and includes the head, neck, and trunk |
| appendicular division | includes the upper and lower limbs |
| diaphragm | a muscular partition that separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities |
| mediastinum | a centrally located region which contains the pericardial cavity surrounding the heart and the thoracic portions of the aorta, trachea, and esophagus |
Created by:
jennw
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