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MT - Ch. 11
Essentials of Medical Terminology - Ch. 11
Question | Answer |
---|---|
endocrine system consists several glands | hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pineal, & pancreas |
2 categories of endocrine gland | central & peripheral |
central endocrine glands include | hypothalamus & pituitary |
central endocrine glands | coordinate to regulate body functions (water & salt balance, growth, reproduction, & metabolism) |
peripheral endocrine glands include | thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pineal, & pancreas |
thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, & pineal | prdouction of hormones |
pancreas | not only produce hormones but is important to digestive system functions |
endocrine function | don't have ducts...hormones are secreated into the bloodstream to be received by target organs |
exocrine function involves | secretion of fluids into ducts for delivery to a site |
hypothalamus secretes trophic hormones | which have effect on pituitary activity |
infundibular | pea-sized pituitary gland hangs from the hypothalamus by a stalk |
pituitary gland divided | 2 lobes (anterior & posterior lobes) |
anterior lobes secretes | 7 hormones (5 are stimulating & 2 don't) |
5 hormones stimulating are | adrenocorticotrophic (ACTH), Growth (GH), Thyroid-stimulating (TSH), follicle-stimulating (FSH), & luteinizing hormone (LH) |
ACTH-adrenocorticotrophic | stimulate adrenal cortex to produce & secrete cortisol & aldosterone |
GH-growth (somatotrophin) | stimulate growth in all body cells & release of the hormone somatomedin |
TSH-thyroid-stimulating (thyrotrophin) | stimulate thyroid gland to produce & secrete own hormone (thyroxne-T4 & triiodothyronine T3) |
FSH-follicle-stimulating (gonadotrophin) | stimulates development of gonads (ovaries & testes) |
LH-luteinizing | trigger ovulation (females) but regulate testosterone secretion (males)-ICSH-interstitial cell stimulating hormone |
2 hormones not stimulating | prolactin (PRL) & melanocyte-stimulating (MSH) |
PRL-prolactin (not trophic) | stimulates breast development & milk production |
MSH-melanocyte-stimulating (not trophic) | stimulates melanocytic activity in the skin |
posterior lobe store & secrete 2 hormones | antidiuretic (ADH-vasopressin) & oxytocin |
ADH-antidiuretic | prevents excessive loss of water |
oxytocin | stimulates uterine contractions to assist child-birth & also regulates flow of milk from mammary glands |
thyroid gland is in throat area | produce T3 &T4; which regulate metabolic rate & increase energy production |
thyroid gland also secretes | calcitonin (regulates blood calcium levels) |
parathyroid glands (4 egg-shaped glands) | secrete PTH which regulate calcium & phosphorus level |
adrenal glands | sit on top of the kidneys |
adrenal cortex (3 groups) produce | mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, & sex hormones |
mineralocorticoids (inc. aldosterone) | regulates sodium & potassium levels |
glucocorticoid (inc. cortisol-hydrocortisone) | antibody production; response to stress; metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, & proteins |
sex hormones (estrogen & testosterone) | development of secondary female & male characteristic |
adrenal medulla (2 group) produce | catecholamines-adrenaline (epinephrine) & nonadrenaline (norepinephrine) |
catecgikanubes | help body respond to stress |
pineal gland locate deep in brain & secrete melatonin | involved with the activity of the reproductive system |
pancreas lies (has endocine & exocrine function) | behind stomach & secretes pancreatic juice |
pancreas endocrine function | produce insulin & glucagon |
pancreas exocrine function | secrete pancreatic juice which travel along the pancreatic duct into the duodenum |
insulin | converts glucose into its storage form, glycogen, & stimulates the absorption of sugar by body cells |
glucagon | reconverts the glycogen into glucose when the body needs sugar |
immun/o | safe |
radi/o | radioactive |
-genesis | production |
-gen | producing |
eu- | normal |
acr/o | extremity; top |
-megaly | enlargement |
acromegaly | enlargement of many skeletal structures including the extremities, nose, forehead, & jaw |
aden/o | gland |
adenoma | benign tumor of a gland |
adrenal/o;adren/o | adrenal |
-ectomy | excision; surgical removal |
adrenalectomy | excision of the adrenal gland |
andr/o | male; man |
-gen | producing |
androgen | substance producing male characteristics such as the hormone testosterone |
calc/o | calcium |
-emia | blood condition |
hypercalcemia | excessive amt of calcium in the blood |
crin/o | to secrete |
endocrinologist | specialist in endocrinology |
endocrinology | study of the diagnosis & treatment of endocrine disorders |
estr/o | female |
estrogen | female sex hormones |
gluc/o | sugar |
-genesis | production |
glucogenesis | production of sugar |
gluconeogenesis | production of sugar from fats & proteins |
glyc/o | sugar |
-lysis | breakdown;separation;destruction |
glycolysis | breakdown of sugars |
hyperglycemia | excessive amt of sugar in the blood |
hypoglycemia | deficient amt of sugar in the blood |
glycogen/o | glycogen (storage from of sugar) |
glycogenolysis | breakdown of glycogen to form glucose |
gonad/o | gonads; sex glands (testes & ovaries) |
-ism | condition;process;state of |
hypergonadism | condition characterized by excessive secretion of gonadal hormones resulting in early sexual developement |
gynec/o | woman |
-ia | condition |
mast/o | breast |
gynecomastia | abnormal enlargement of the woman breast |
home/o | same |
-stasis | standing;stable;stopping;controlling |
homeostasis | a balanced, yet sometimes varying state |
insulin/o | insulin |
hypoinsulinism | condition characterized by decreased amt of insulin secretion resulting in hyperglycemia |
kal/o | potassium |
hyperkalemia | excessive amt of potassium in the blood |
natr/o | sodium |
hyponatremia | deficient amt of sodium in the blood |
pancreat/o | pancreas |
-genic | produced by |
pancreatogenic | proudced by the pancreas |
parathyroid/o | parathyroid gland |
hyperparathyroidism | condition characterized by excessive secretion of parathormone resulting in loss of calcium from the bone |
pituitar/o | pituitary gland |
pan- | all |
panhypopituitarism | condition characterized by a deficiency of all pituitary hormones resulting indwarfism & deterioration of secondary sex characteristic |
thyr/o thyroid/o | thyroid glands;shield |
-oid | resembling |
eu- | normal; good |
euthyroid | normal thyroid gland |
hyperthyroidism | condtion characterized by excessive secretion of the thyroid hormones result in goiter & exophthalmos |
goiter | enlarged thyroid gland |
exophthalmos | abnormal protrusion of the eyes |
thyroiditis | inflammation of the thyroid gland |
thyrotomy | to cut into the thyroid gland |
ure/o | urea (end product of protein breakdown, found in urine) |
dia- | through |
anti- | against |
antidiuretic hormone | hormone that prevents the loss of excessive amt of urine |
-assay | analysis of a mixture to identify its contens |
radi/o | radioactive |
immun/o | safe |
radioimmunoassay | blood test used to identify hormone levels in blood plasma (hormones are labeled w/radioactive substance) |
endocrine hormones | hormones secreted by the endocrine glands into the bloodstream |
exocrine glands | glands that secrete chemicals into ducts |
-dipsia | thirst |
polydipsia | excessive thirst |
-physis | to grow |
adenohypophysis | another name for anterior pituitary gland (made up of glandular tissue) |
neurohypophysis | another name for posterior pituitary gland (made up of neural tissue) |
-trophic; -tropic | pertaining to nourishment |
adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) | pituitary hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce & secrete its own hormones |
cortic/o | cortex; outer layer |
gonadotrophic | pituitary hormone that stimulate the gonads to produce & secrete their own hormones |
somat/o | body |
somatotrophic | pituitary hormone that stimulates growth of body tissue |
oxy- | sharp; quick |
-tocin | labor |
oxytocin | pituitary hormone that quickens childbirth |
OT | oxytocin |
PRL | prolactin |
RIA | radioimmunoassay |
TFT | thyroid function tests |
TRH | thyrotrophin-releasing hormone |
TSH | thyroid-stimulating hormone |