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MT - Ch. 11
Essentials of Medical Terminology - Ch. 11
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| endocrine system consists several glands | hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pineal, & pancreas |
| 2 categories of endocrine gland | central & peripheral |
| central endocrine glands include | hypothalamus & pituitary |
| central endocrine glands | coordinate to regulate body functions (water & salt balance, growth, reproduction, & metabolism) |
| peripheral endocrine glands include | thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, pineal, & pancreas |
| thyroid, parathyroids, adrenals, & pineal | prdouction of hormones |
| pancreas | not only produce hormones but is important to digestive system functions |
| endocrine function | don't have ducts...hormones are secreated into the bloodstream to be received by target organs |
| exocrine function involves | secretion of fluids into ducts for delivery to a site |
| hypothalamus secretes trophic hormones | which have effect on pituitary activity |
| infundibular | pea-sized pituitary gland hangs from the hypothalamus by a stalk |
| pituitary gland divided | 2 lobes (anterior & posterior lobes) |
| anterior lobes secretes | 7 hormones (5 are stimulating & 2 don't) |
| 5 hormones stimulating are | adrenocorticotrophic (ACTH), Growth (GH), Thyroid-stimulating (TSH), follicle-stimulating (FSH), & luteinizing hormone (LH) |
| ACTH-adrenocorticotrophic | stimulate adrenal cortex to produce & secrete cortisol & aldosterone |
| GH-growth (somatotrophin) | stimulate growth in all body cells & release of the hormone somatomedin |
| TSH-thyroid-stimulating (thyrotrophin) | stimulate thyroid gland to produce & secrete own hormone (thyroxne-T4 & triiodothyronine T3) |
| FSH-follicle-stimulating (gonadotrophin) | stimulates development of gonads (ovaries & testes) |
| LH-luteinizing | trigger ovulation (females) but regulate testosterone secretion (males)-ICSH-interstitial cell stimulating hormone |
| 2 hormones not stimulating | prolactin (PRL) & melanocyte-stimulating (MSH) |
| PRL-prolactin (not trophic) | stimulates breast development & milk production |
| MSH-melanocyte-stimulating (not trophic) | stimulates melanocytic activity in the skin |
| posterior lobe store & secrete 2 hormones | antidiuretic (ADH-vasopressin) & oxytocin |
| ADH-antidiuretic | prevents excessive loss of water |
| oxytocin | stimulates uterine contractions to assist child-birth & also regulates flow of milk from mammary glands |
| thyroid gland is in throat area | produce T3 &T4; which regulate metabolic rate & increase energy production |
| thyroid gland also secretes | calcitonin (regulates blood calcium levels) |
| parathyroid glands (4 egg-shaped glands) | secrete PTH which regulate calcium & phosphorus level |
| adrenal glands | sit on top of the kidneys |
| adrenal cortex (3 groups) produce | mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, & sex hormones |
| mineralocorticoids (inc. aldosterone) | regulates sodium & potassium levels |
| glucocorticoid (inc. cortisol-hydrocortisone) | antibody production; response to stress; metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, & proteins |
| sex hormones (estrogen & testosterone) | development of secondary female & male characteristic |
| adrenal medulla (2 group) produce | catecholamines-adrenaline (epinephrine) & nonadrenaline (norepinephrine) |
| catecgikanubes | help body respond to stress |
| pineal gland locate deep in brain & secrete melatonin | involved with the activity of the reproductive system |
| pancreas lies (has endocine & exocrine function) | behind stomach & secretes pancreatic juice |
| pancreas endocrine function | produce insulin & glucagon |
| pancreas exocrine function | secrete pancreatic juice which travel along the pancreatic duct into the duodenum |
| insulin | converts glucose into its storage form, glycogen, & stimulates the absorption of sugar by body cells |
| glucagon | reconverts the glycogen into glucose when the body needs sugar |
| immun/o | safe |
| radi/o | radioactive |
| -genesis | production |
| -gen | producing |
| eu- | normal |
| acr/o | extremity; top |
| -megaly | enlargement |
| acromegaly | enlargement of many skeletal structures including the extremities, nose, forehead, & jaw |
| aden/o | gland |
| adenoma | benign tumor of a gland |
| adrenal/o;adren/o | adrenal |
| -ectomy | excision; surgical removal |
| adrenalectomy | excision of the adrenal gland |
| andr/o | male; man |
| -gen | producing |
| androgen | substance producing male characteristics such as the hormone testosterone |
| calc/o | calcium |
| -emia | blood condition |
| hypercalcemia | excessive amt of calcium in the blood |
| crin/o | to secrete |
| endocrinologist | specialist in endocrinology |
| endocrinology | study of the diagnosis & treatment of endocrine disorders |
| estr/o | female |
| estrogen | female sex hormones |
| gluc/o | sugar |
| -genesis | production |
| glucogenesis | production of sugar |
| gluconeogenesis | production of sugar from fats & proteins |
| glyc/o | sugar |
| -lysis | breakdown;separation;destruction |
| glycolysis | breakdown of sugars |
| hyperglycemia | excessive amt of sugar in the blood |
| hypoglycemia | deficient amt of sugar in the blood |
| glycogen/o | glycogen (storage from of sugar) |
| glycogenolysis | breakdown of glycogen to form glucose |
| gonad/o | gonads; sex glands (testes & ovaries) |
| -ism | condition;process;state of |
| hypergonadism | condition characterized by excessive secretion of gonadal hormones resulting in early sexual developement |
| gynec/o | woman |
| -ia | condition |
| mast/o | breast |
| gynecomastia | abnormal enlargement of the woman breast |
| home/o | same |
| -stasis | standing;stable;stopping;controlling |
| homeostasis | a balanced, yet sometimes varying state |
| insulin/o | insulin |
| hypoinsulinism | condition characterized by decreased amt of insulin secretion resulting in hyperglycemia |
| kal/o | potassium |
| hyperkalemia | excessive amt of potassium in the blood |
| natr/o | sodium |
| hyponatremia | deficient amt of sodium in the blood |
| pancreat/o | pancreas |
| -genic | produced by |
| pancreatogenic | proudced by the pancreas |
| parathyroid/o | parathyroid gland |
| hyperparathyroidism | condition characterized by excessive secretion of parathormone resulting in loss of calcium from the bone |
| pituitar/o | pituitary gland |
| pan- | all |
| panhypopituitarism | condition characterized by a deficiency of all pituitary hormones resulting indwarfism & deterioration of secondary sex characteristic |
| thyr/o thyroid/o | thyroid glands;shield |
| -oid | resembling |
| eu- | normal; good |
| euthyroid | normal thyroid gland |
| hyperthyroidism | condtion characterized by excessive secretion of the thyroid hormones result in goiter & exophthalmos |
| goiter | enlarged thyroid gland |
| exophthalmos | abnormal protrusion of the eyes |
| thyroiditis | inflammation of the thyroid gland |
| thyrotomy | to cut into the thyroid gland |
| ure/o | urea (end product of protein breakdown, found in urine) |
| dia- | through |
| anti- | against |
| antidiuretic hormone | hormone that prevents the loss of excessive amt of urine |
| -assay | analysis of a mixture to identify its contens |
| radi/o | radioactive |
| immun/o | safe |
| radioimmunoassay | blood test used to identify hormone levels in blood plasma (hormones are labeled w/radioactive substance) |
| endocrine hormones | hormones secreted by the endocrine glands into the bloodstream |
| exocrine glands | glands that secrete chemicals into ducts |
| -dipsia | thirst |
| polydipsia | excessive thirst |
| -physis | to grow |
| adenohypophysis | another name for anterior pituitary gland (made up of glandular tissue) |
| neurohypophysis | another name for posterior pituitary gland (made up of neural tissue) |
| -trophic; -tropic | pertaining to nourishment |
| adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) | pituitary hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex to produce & secrete its own hormones |
| cortic/o | cortex; outer layer |
| gonadotrophic | pituitary hormone that stimulate the gonads to produce & secrete their own hormones |
| somat/o | body |
| somatotrophic | pituitary hormone that stimulates growth of body tissue |
| oxy- | sharp; quick |
| -tocin | labor |
| oxytocin | pituitary hormone that quickens childbirth |
| OT | oxytocin |
| PRL | prolactin |
| RIA | radioimmunoassay |
| TFT | thyroid function tests |
| TRH | thyrotrophin-releasing hormone |
| TSH | thyroid-stimulating hormone |
Created by:
ltravis
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