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Med Term Mod 16
Skin Pathologies/Conditions, Lab Tests & Clinical Procedures
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| crust | collection of dried serum & cellular debris |
| example of crust is | a scab |
| when crust forms from the drying of a body exudate it can be linked to | eczema, impetigo, & seborrhea |
| cyst | thick-walled, closed sac/pouch containing fluid/semisolid material |
| examples of cysts are | pilondial & sebaceous |
| pilondial cyst | found over sacral area in midline, contains hairs |
| sebaceous cyst | collection of yellowish, cheesy sebum commonly found on scalp, vulva, & scrotum |
| erosion | wearing away/loss of epidermis |
| do not penetrate below dermoepidermal junction | erosion |
| erosions occur as a result of | inflammation/injury & heal without scarring |
| fissue | groove/crack-like sore |
| break in the skin lining anal canal | anal fissue |
| macule | discolored, often reddened flat lesion |
| nodule | solid, round/oval elevated lesion, more than 1cm in diameter |
| enlarged lymph node & solid growths are examples of | nodules |
| papule | small (<1cm in diameter), solid elevation of skin |
| pimples are examples of | papules |
| when papules become confluent they form | plaques |
| plaques | a superficial, solid, elevated skin lesion |
| polyp | benign growth extending from surface of mucous membrane |
| commonly found in nose & sinuses, urinary bladder & uterus | polyps |
| pustule | small elevation of skin contanining pus |
| small abcess on the skin | pustule |
| abcess | collection of pus |
| ulcer | open sore on skin/mucous membranes within body |
| caused by pressure that results from lying in one position | decubitus ulcer |
| decubitus ulcer | bedsore |
| pressure ulcers usually involve | loss of tissue substance & pus/exudate formation |
| exudate | a fluid with a high content of protein and cellular debris that has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation |
| vesicle | small collection of clear fluid (serum) |
| blisters are considered | vesicles from a few mm to 1cm |
| vesciles form in the case of | burns, allergies & dermatitis |
| bulla | large vesicle <1cm |
| plural for bulla | bullae |
| wheal | smooth, slightly elevated, edematous area that is redder/paler than surrounding skin |
| edematous | swollen |
| as in a misquito bite, wheals are | circumscribed |
| wheals may involve a wide area, as in the case of | an allergic reaction |
| accompanied by itching & seen in the case of | hives, anaphylaxis & insect bites |
| alopecia | baldness or absence of hair from areas where it normally grows |
| may be hereditary or be caused by disease, injury, or treatment such as chemotherapy | alopecia |
| alopecia areata | idiopathic condition in which hair falls out in patches |
| ecchymosis | bluish-black mark (bruise) on the skin |
| ecchymoses | plural of ecchymosis |
| caused by hemorrhages into skin from injury or spontaneous leaking of blood from vessels | ecchymosis |
| petechia | small, pinpoint hemorrhage |
| smaller verion of ecchymoses | petechia |
| purpura | bleeding into the skin |
| petechia and ecchymoses are forms of | purpura |
| pruritus | itching |
| arises as a result of stimulation of nerves in skin by substances released in allergic reactions or by irritation caused by substances in blood/foreign bodies | pruritus |
| pruritus is a symptom associated with | most forms of dermatitis |
| urticaria | acut allergic reaction in which red, round wheals develop on skin; hives |
| may be intense with localized edema, & commonly caused by allergy to foods | urticaria |
| acne | chronic papular & pustular eruption of skin with increased production of sebum |
| acne vulgaris | caused by buildup of sebum & keratin in pores of skin |
| blackhead | comedo, plural comedones |
| sebum plug partially blocking the pore | blackhead |
| whitehead | if a por becomes completely blocked by a sebum plug, or blackhead |
| papules, pustules & cysts can form when | bacteria in skin break down sebum, producing inflammation in tissue |
| long-term antibiotic use & medications to dry out the skin are treatments for | acne |
| these medications are used to prevent comedo | Benzoyl peroxide & tretinoin (Retin-A) |
| used to treat severe cystic acne | isotretinoin (Accutane) |
| burns | injury to tissues caused by heat contact |
| may be caused by dry heat, moist heat, cheicals, lightening, electricity, or radiation | burns |
| first-degree burns | superficial epidermal lesions, erythema, hyperesthesia, & no blisters |
| sunburn is an example of | a first-degree burn |
| second-degree burns | epidermal & dermal lesions, erythema, hyperesthesia, & blisters |
| second-degree burns are also called | partial-thickness burn injury |
| third-degree burns | epidermis & dermis are destroyed & subcutaneous layer damaged, leaving charred white tissue |
| third-degree burns are also called | full-thickness burn injury |
| cellulitis | diffuse, acute infection of skin marked by local heat, redness, pain & swelling |
| abcesses & tissue destruction can occur if antibiotics are not taken for treament of | cellulitis |
| area susceptible to cellulitis | areas of poor lymphatic drainage |
| eczema | inflammatory skin disease with erthymetous, papulovesicular lesions; chronic/acute atopic dermititis |
| eczema tends to occur in patients with | family history of allergic reactions |
| rash can occur on face, neck, elbows & kness in the case of | eczema |
| eczema treatment is on a case-by-case basis, but usually includes | corticosteriods |
| exanthematous viral disease | rash of skin due to viral infection |
| rubella, rubeola & varicella are examples of | exanthematous viral disease |
| exanthema means | rash |
| rubella | german measles |
| rubeola | measles |
| varicella | chickenpox |
| gangrene | death of tissue associated with loss of blood supply |
| can result from injury, inflammation, frostbite, diabetes, or arteriosclerosis | gangrene |
| in patients with gangrene, | ischemia leads to necrosis of tissue follwed by bacterial invasion & putrefaction |
| putrefaction | proteins are decomposed by bacteria |
| impetigo | bacterial inflammatory skin disorder |
| contagious pyoderma usually caused by staphylococci or stretococci | impetigo |
| effective treatments for impetigo include | systemic use of antibiotics & proper cleansing of lesions |
| pyoderma | inflammatory, purulent (pertaining to or consisting of pus) dermatitis |
| psoriasis | chronic inflammatory skin disorder; thick, scaly lesions form because of excess epithelial cell growth rate |
| psoriasis commonly involves | elbows, knees, scalp, back & genetalia |
| psoriasis is caused by an increased rate of growth of | the basal layer of the epidermis |
| cause is unknown, condition may run in families & may be worsened by anxiety | psoriasis |
| psoriasis treatment includes | topical lubricants, keratolytics, & steriods |
| psoralen-ultraviolet A (PUVA) light therapy cay also be used to | treat psoriasis |
| scabies | contagious, parasitic (scabies itch mite)infection of stratum corneum with intense pruritus |
| scabies commonly affects areas such as | the groin, nipples, & skin between the fingers |
| treatment for scabies mites includes | topical medication cream to destroy the tiny parasites |
| scabies comes from the Latin word scabere, which means | to scratch |
| systemic lupus erythmatosus (SLE) | chronic autoimmune disease of collagen in the skin of joints & internal organs |
| characteristic "butterfly" pattern of redness over the cheeks & nose is found in | patients with SLE |
| severe cases of SLE can also include | increased erthema & all exposed areas of the skin may be involved |
| SLE treatment includes | corticosteriods & immunosuppressive drugs to control symptoms |
| discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) | milder, scaling, plaque-like, superficial eruption os skin |
| discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) is confined to | the face, scalp, ears, chest, arms & back |
| reddish patches heal leaving scars on patients with | discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE) |
| tinea | means ringworm |
| tinea corporis | infection is in a pink to red, ring-like pattern, highly contagious & causes severe pruritus |
| tinea pedis | athlete's foot; affects skin between toes |
| tinea capitis | affects skin on the scalp |
| tinea barbae | affects skin under a beard |
| tinea unguium | affects the nails |
| anitfungal agents are used to treat forms of | tinea |
| Latin tinea means | worm or moth |
| Romans thought that skin affected with tinea looked | "moth-eaten" |
| vitiligo | loss of pigment in areas of skin |
| depigmentation & milk-white patches occur with | vitiligo |
| vitiligo is also known as | leukoderma |
| vitiligo has an increased association with autoimmune conditions, such as | thyroiditis, hyperthyroidism, & diabetes mellitus |
| callus | increased growth of cells in keratin layer of epidermis caused by pressure/friction |
| feet and hands are common sites for the formation of | calluses |
| corn | type of callus that forms a hard core |
| whitish, corn-like central kernal | hard core of a corn |
| keloid | hypertrophied, thickened, scar occuring after trauma/surgical incision |
| keloids result from | excessive collagen formation in skin during connective tissue repair |
| the term keloid comes from the Greek kelis, meaning | blemish |
| treaments for keloids are usually | surgical excision combined with intralesional steriod injections/low-dose radiotherapy |
| cicatrix | normal scar left by a healed wound |
| keratosis | thickened & reddened area of epidermis, usually associated with aging/skin damage |
| actinic keratoses are caused by | thickening of outer layer of skin due to overexposure to sun; sometimes precancerous lesions |
| seborrheic keratoses result from | overgrowth of basal cells, well circumscribed, slightly elevated, pigmented ^ often pruritic growths |
| leukoplakia | white, thickened patches on mucous membrane tissue of tounge/cheek |
| may be caused by chronic inflammation, and is common in smokers | leukoplakia |
| nevus (plural nevi) | pigmented lesion of skin |
| nevi include | vascular spiders, hemangiomas, & moles |
| dilated blood vessels radiating out from a point | vascular spiders |
| may be present at birth, but some are acquired | nevus |
| dysplastic nevi | moles that do not form properly & may progress to form a melanoma |
| verruca | epidermal growth caused by a virus |
| verruca vulgaris | common wart, most frequent type |
| verrucae | plantar warts |
| plantar warts occur on | soles of feet |
| juvenile warts occur on | hands & face |
| venereal warts occur on | genitals & around anus |
| treatments for warts includes removal with | acids, electrocautery, or cryosurgery |
| cryosurgery to remove warts is | freezing with liquid nitrogen |
| warts frequently regrow when | the virus remains in the skin |
| basal cell carcinoma | malignant tumor of basal layer of epidermis |
| most frequent type of skin cancer | basal cell carcinoma |
| basal cell carcinoma is a slow-growing tumor that usually occurs on | the face, especially near or on the nose |
| basal cell carcinoma almost never | metastasizes |
| squamous cell carcinoma | malignant tumor of squamous epithelial cells of epidermis |
| may grow anywhere squamous epithelium is found | squamous cell carcinoma |
| actinic keratoses are | premalignant lesions in people with sun-damaged skin |
| is lesions are not removed actinic keratoses | progresses into squamous cell carcinoma |
| treatment of squamous cell carcinoma includes | surgical excision, cryotherapy, curettage, & electrodessication/radiotherapy |
| malignant melanoma | cancerous growth composed of melanocytes |
| malignant melanoma is attributed to | intense exposure to sunlight |
| usually begins as mottled, light brown to black, flact macule with irregular borders | malignant melanoma |
| in malignant melanoma lesions may turn to | shade of red, blue & white; also may crust on surface |
| melanomas often arise in | preexisting moles (dyplastic nevi) |
| frequently appear of upper back, lower legs, arms head & neck | melanomas |
| diagnosis of melanomas requires | a biopsy |
| prognosis of melanomas is commonly determined by | measuring tumor tickness in millimeters |
| melanomas often metastasize to | the lung, liver, bone & brain |
| treatment for melanomas include | excision of tumor, regional lymphadenectomy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy & radiotherapy |
| Kaposi sarcoma | malignant, vascular, meoplastic growth characterized by cutaneous nodules |
| Kaposi sarcoma frequently arises on | the lower extremities |
| Kaposi sarcoma nodules ranges in color from | deep pink to dark blue & purple |
| condition associated with AIDS | Kaposi sarcoma |
| bacterial analysis | samples of skin are sent to a lab to detect presence of microorganisms |
| purulent | pus-filled |
| exudate | fluid that accumulates |
| purulent material or exudate are often taken for examination using | bacterial analysis |
| fungal tests | scrapings from skin lesions, hair specimens, or mail clipping are sent to a lab for culture & microscopic examination |
| specimens for fungal tests mar be treated with | a potasium hyroxide (KOH) preparation & examined microscopically |
| a positive KOH test often eliminates the need for | a culture, in regards to a fungal test |
| cryosurgery | use of subfreezing temperature via liquid nitrogen application to destroy tissue |
| curettage | use of sharp dermal curette to scrap away a skin lesion |
| curette is shaped like | a spoon or scoop |
| electrodesiccation | tissue is destroyed by burning with an electric spark |
| procedure used along with curettage to remove & destroy small cancerous lesions with well-defined borders | electrodesiccation |
| Mohs surgery | thin layers of malignant growth removed & each is examined under microscope |
| specialized form of excision to treat basal squamous cell carcinomas & other tumors | Mohs surgery |
| Mohs surgery is also known as | microscopically controlled surgery |
| skin biopsy | suspected maliganant skin lesions are removed & sent to pathology lab for microscopic examination |
| punch biopsy | surgical instrument removes a core of tissue by rotation of its sharp, circular edge |
| shave biopsy | tissue is excised using a cut parallel to surface of surrounding skin |
| skin test | reaction of body to substance by observing results of injecting the substance/applying it topically to the skin |
| skin test are used to diagnose | allergies & disease |
| patch test | allergen-treated piece of gauze/filter paper applied to skin |
| if a patch test is positive | the skin will turn red or swollen |
| scratch test | several scratched made in skin & minute amount of test material inserted into scratches |
| Schick test | skin test for diptheria |
| Mantoux test | PPD (purified protein derivative) is a skin test for tuberculosis |
| Candidiasis | Candida changes to a pathogen & casues localized/generalized mucocutaneous disease |
| paronychial lesions in areas of body where rubbing of opposing surfaces is a common cause of | Candidiasis |
| thrush | white plaques attached to oral/vaginal mucous membranes; type of Candidiasis |
| vulvovaginitis | intense itching around the vagina, almost complete lack of vaginal secretions, and tissue atrophy; type of Candidiasis |
| usual means of entry for bacteria, in cellulitis | surgical wound, puncture, insect bite, skin ulcer, or patch of dermatitis |
| cellulitis on the face needs to be given special attention because | infection may extend directly to the brain |
| mycosis fungoides | rare, chronic skin condition caused by infiltration of skin by malignant lymphocytes |
| cutaneous T cell lymphoma is another name for | mycosis fungoides |
| mycosis fungoides is characterized by | generalized erythroderma & large reddish, raised tumors that spread & ulcerate |
| effective treatments to control mycosis fungoides include | cortisone ointments, topical citrogen mustard, & ultraviolet light PUVA |
| excessive warmth, taking birth control pills, antibiotics, & corticosteriods can cause | normal Candida on mucous membranes to change to Candidiasis |
| lesions | pathological change in body tissue caused by injury/disease; can assume variety of forms depending on specific cause |
| Primary lesions | arise from normal skin as the result of a pathologic process |
| secondary lesions | develop from changes to the primary injury |
| erosion | wearing away/loss of epidermal tissue |
| erosion & crust are examples of | secondary lesions |
| many lesions are associated with no | sensations |
| example of lesion's that do have sensations | ulcer |
| a cyst is considered | a primary lesion |
| forms in response to a parasitic infections or obstruction of duct/gland | a cyst |
| examples of a primary lesion | a vescile |
| wheals following an insect bite would be a(n) | primary lesion |
| fissures may form in response to | inflammation, infection or injury worsening |
| fissures are | crack-like secondary lesions |
| uticaria is characterizes vy | eruption of edematous wheals |
| ulcer | formation of crate-like sore resulting from deterioration in response to inflammation, infections, malignancy, or response to external pressure on skin |
| exanthuem | skin eruption/rash accompanied by inflammation |
| exanthematous viral disease | highly commucable illness caused by viral infections |
| characterized by | outbreak of maculopapular lesions |
| lesions asociated with impetigo commonly form around | the mouth & nostrils |
| begin as macules, progressing to viscles becoming purulent & encased | lesions associated with impetigo |
| bacterial analyses of samples of purulent material are performed to determine which bacterial agent caused the infection | impetigo |
| dermabrasion | surgical procedures for removing scars |
| chemabrasion | application of chemicals that remove surface layers of skin cells |
| chemabrasion is also called | chemical abrasion |
| phenol peel is an example of | chemabrasion |
| onycholysis is seen most often with the use of | artificial fingernails |
| used often to identofy causative agent in ezcema | skin testing |
| fungal infection of skin which may affect stratum corneum, hair or nails with ring-like pattern of lesions | tinea |
| fungal tests using scrapings from the skin lesions help to identify the type of fungal growth | tinea |
| characterized by a papular, puritic rash; transmitted by direct contact | scabies |
| scabies most often affects | webs of fingers, flexor surfaces of wrist & thighs |
| scleroderma | hardening of skin; chronic progressive disorder of connective tissue |
| degenerative changes from scleroderma can involve | the skin, blood vessels, skeletal muscles, & internal organs |
| collagen is over produced as part of this disease process | scleroderma |
| scleroderma has no known etiology, although | systemic spread of the disorder may be linked to an autoimmune dysfunction |
| debridement | removing damaged tissue |
| debridement is an important step in | burn healing therapy |
| debridement may be performed in | a hydrotherapy bath |
| most skin neoplasms are | benign |
| benign skin growths can arise from | the epidermis, sweat/sebaceous glands or connective tissue |
| keratosis | lesion that develops as a result of excessive growth & thickening of epidermis |
| common benign neoplasm | keratosis |
| commonly observed among elderly, occuring on face, neck, chest & upper back | seborrehic keratosis |
| lesions are reddened, irregular & raised with a rough surface | actinic keratosis |
| actinic keratosis lesions are usually found on | face, hands, neck & arms |
| hemangioma | benign tumor made up of a bundle of blood vessels |
| mole/nevus | circumscribed, hyperpigmented area of skin |
Created by:
lfrancois
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