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Ankle Foot Joints
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the articular surfaces of the superior tibiofibular joint? | Lateral condyle of tibia and head of fibula. Flat, oval facets covered and connected by capsule and ligament |
| What is the classification of the superior tibiofibular joint? | Synovial, diarthrodial, planar |
| What tendon sometimes communicates with the synovial cavity of the superior tibiofibular join? | Popliteus |
| What are the ligaments in the superior tibiofibular joint? | Anterior tibiofibular ligament of the head of fibula, posterior tibiofibular ligament of the head of the fibula, interosseous membrane |
| What is the motion for the superior tibiofibular joint? | Superior gliding movement with dorsiflexion, inferior gliding movement with plantar flexion |
| What can be said about the motion at the superior tibiofibular joint in comparison to the inferior tibiofibular joint? | Superior motion impossible without first movement from inferior |
| What is the classification of the inferior tibiofibular joint? | Syndesmosis (fibrous) |
| What are the articular surfaces of the inferior tibiofibular joint? | Rough surface of distal fibula and fibular notch (tibia). Interosseous ligament continues with interosseous membrane forming the strong connection between distal ends |
| What are the ligaments in the inferior tibiofibular joint? | Posterior tibioligament, anterior tibiofibular ligament, interosseous membrane |
| What is the motion for the inferior tibiofibular joint? | Gliding motion inferiorly and superiorly in both plantar and dorsiflexion. Contributes to strength of ankle joint itself by forming strong union between distal ends of tibia and fibula |
| What makes up the talocrural joint? | Between talus and crus (lower leg of tibia and fibula) |
| What is the classification of the talocrural joint? | Synovial |
| What is the DOF of talocrural joint? | Uniaxial |
| Ability of foot to change from flexible to rigid structure within a single step is dependent on? | Bone structure of the 3 arches of the foot, static ligament-fascial support, dynamic muscle contraction |
| Body weight is transferred to the ground mainly through which points? | 3 points via 3 arches - medial and lateral longitudinal arch, transverse arch |
| Which is the longest and highest arch? | Medial longitudinal arch |
| What makes up the medial longitudinal arch? | Calcaneus, talus, navicular, medial cuneiform, and first metatarsal |
| What makes up the lateral longitudinal arch? | Calcaneus, cuboid, 5th metatarsal |
| What makes up the transverse arch? | Midtarsal and tarsometatarsal areas |
| Which muscles have major effects on the transverse arch and tighten longitudinal arch? | Tibialis posteror and fibularis longus |
| Which muscles span the medial arch? | FHL and abductor hallucis |
| Which muscle runs the length of the lateral arch? | Abductor digiti minimi |
| Which muscles run the midplantar length and tighten longitudinal arches? | FDB, FDL, quadratus plantae |
| Which muscle affects the transverse arch? | Adductor hallucis |
| Describe the importance in function of the muscles of the toes in an open and closed chain motion | Open - limited Closed - great importance |
| Where are the posterior/anterior tibiofibular ligament? | Extend from fibular notch of tibia to anterior/posterior surface of lateral malleolus |
| What do the anterior/posterior tibiofibular ligaments hold together? | Maleoli |
| What are the movements of the talocrural joint? | Plantar flexion and dorsiflexion |
| How many degrees of movement can the talocrural joint move for plantar flexion? | 30-50 |
| How many degrees of movement can the talocrural joint move for dorsiflexion? | 20-30 |
| Why is the range of motion for dorsiflexion smaller than for plantar flexion at the talocrural joint? | Because Gastrocnemius tightness limits the motion |
| What are the articular surfaces of the ankle joint? | Superior (trochlear), medial surface, lateral surface - covered by cartilage and are within fibrous capsule |
| Describe the superior (trochlear articular surface of the ankle joint? | Convex antero-posteriorly is depressed centrally by longitudinal groove bound by medial/lateral lips. Surface is broader anteriorly > posteriorly. Surface corresponds to shape of surface on inferior aspect of tibia with sagittal line for trochlear groove |
| Describe the medial articular surface of talocrural joint | Body of talus is nearly plane and articulate with facet on lateral surface of medial malleolus lined by cartilage |
| Describe the lateral surface of talocrural joint | Is in contact with articular facet of medial surface of lateral malleolus |
| Where is the fibrous capsule at the talocrural joint thinnest and strongest? | Thinnest anteriorly/posteriorly; strongest laterally/medially |
| What makes a strong mortise for the trochlea? | Tibia and fibula bound together by anterior/posterior tibiofibular ligaments |
| What can the ligaments of the ankle joint bet divided into | Two main groups: lateral and medial (deltoid) collateral ligaments |
| Which group of ligaments is stronger for the ankle joint? | Medial (deltoid) collateral is stronger |
| What does the lateral collateral ligament of the ankle joint connect to? | Attaches to lateral malleolus to the talus and calcaneus and is made up of three separate bands (ligaments) |
| What are the ligaments of the lateral collateral ligaments of the ankle joint? | Anterior talofibular ligament, calcaneofibular ligament, and posterior talofibular ligament |
| What are the ligaments of the medial (deltoid) collateral ligaments of the ankle joint? | 4 bands - anterior tibiotalar ligament, tibionavicular ligament, tibiocalcaneal ligament, and posterior tibiotalar ligament |
| What is a sprain? | Ligament tear |
| What is a strain? | Muscle or tendon tear |
| What is a 1st degree inversion sprain? | Tears one ligament |
| What ligament is usually torn during a 1st degree inversion sprain? | Anterior talofibular ligament |
| What is a 2nd degree inversion sprain? | Tear of two ligaments |
| What ligaments are usually torn in a 2nd degree inversion sprain? | Talofibular ligament (anterior or posterior) and calcaneofibular ligament |
| What is a 3rd degree inversion sprain? | Tear all 3 lateral ligaments |
| What ligaments are town in a 3rd degree inversion sprain? | Talofibular ligament (anterior and posterior) and calcaneofibular ligament |
| What is the most common sprained ligament for the ankle? | Anterior talofibular ligament |
| What is an eversion sprain? | Excessive eversion |
| What is most commonly associated with fracture for the ankle? | Eversion sprain |
| What is a high ankle sprain or syndesmotic ankle sprain? | Talus shoved between tibia and fibular or tear of interosseous membrane |
| What are the 3 functional areas of the foot? | Hindfoot, midfoot, forefoot |
| What is in the hindfoot? | Calcaneus, talus |
| What is in the midfoot? | Cuboid, navicular, 3 cuneiforms |
| What is in the forefoot? | Metatarsals and phalanges |
| What is the subtalar (talocalcaneal joint) | Synovial joint between inferior surface of talus and superior surface of calcaneus |
| What are the articular surfaces for the subtalar joint? | Talus and calcaneus have 3 facets (anterior, middle, and posterior) |
| What kind of joint is the subtalar joint? | Planar synovial |
| What are the motions for the subtalar joint? | Inversion/eversion (open chain motions); supination/pronation (closed chain motions) |
| How many degrees of movement is inversion/supination? | 45-60 |
| How many degrees of movement is eversion/pronation? | 15-30 |
| What are the ligaments of the subtalar joint? | Interosseous talocalcaneal ligament, medial/lateral talocalcaneal ligament, anterior/posterior talocalcaneal ligament |
| What two joints make up the transverse tarsal joint? | Talonavicular and calcaneocuboid joint |
| What is the transverse tarsal joint also called? | Midtarsal or Chopart's joint |
| What is the motion of the transverse tarsal joint? | Complex - generally inversion/eversion; movement of forefoot and midfoot on hindfoot to lower longitudinal arch in pronation and to elevate it in supination; positions forefoot for contact with ground during gait |
| What are the ligaments of the transverse tarsal joint? | Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (Spring), dorsal talonavicular ligament, bifurcate ligament, long plantar ligament, plantar calcaneocuboid (short) ligament |
| What ligament is very important for maintaining the longitudinal arch of foot for the transverse tarsal joint? | Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament (spring ligament) |
| What makes up the bifurcate ligament of the transverse tarsal joint? | Calcaneonavicular and calcaneocuboid ligament |
| What is a lisfranc fracture? | Separation or fracture of tarsometatarsal joints |
| What are the articular surfaces of the tarsometatarsal joint? | Metatarsal bones with all 3 cuneiforms and cuboid bones |
| What kind of joint is the tarsometatarsal joint | Synovial planar |
| What is the movement of the tarsometatarsal joint? | Gliding of bones upon each other with plantar flexion and dorsiflexion |
| What are the ligaments of the tarsometatarsal joint? | Plantar/dorsal metatarsal ligament, dorsal/plantar tarsometatarsal ligament |
| What is the function of the tarsometatarsal joint? | Maintain contact with ground at all times |
| What are the articular surfaces of the metatarsophalangeal joint? | MTPS: between head of metatarsal and base of proximal phalanges of toes 1-5 |
| What kind of joint are the metatarsophalangeal joint? | Synovial condylar |
| What kind of motion is seen at the metatarsophalangeal joint? | Flexion/extension, abduction/adduction |
| What are the ligaments of the metatarsophalangeal joint? | Collateral, plantar, and deep transverse metatarsal ligament |
| How many degrees of movement are seen in flexion at the MTP joint? | 75 |
| How many degrees of movement are seen in extension at the MTP joint? | 35 |
| What is hallux valgus? | Deformity of the 1st metatarsophalangeal joint - characterized by lateral drift of great toe in association with joint subluxation |
| What is hallux rigidus? | Deformity where there is a limitation to normal movement of flexion and extension (sagittal plane) leading to joint degeneration |
| What are the articular surfaces of the interphlangeal joitns? | PIP: between head of proximal phalange and base of middle phalange of toes 2-5 DIP: between head of middle phalange and base of distal phalange of toes 2-5 big toe: only one IP joint |
| What is the classification of IP joints? | Synovial hinge |
| What kind of motion is seen at IP joints? | Flexion/extension |
| How many degrees of movement are seen in flexion at the IP joint? | 60 degrees |
| How many degrees of movement are seen in extension at the IP joint? | 20 degrees |
| The ability of the foot to change from flexible to rigid in a single step depends on what? | Bony structure of 3 arches of foot, static ligament-fascial support, dynamic muscle contraction |
| What are the 3 arches of the food? | Medial/lateral longitudinal arch, transverse arch |
| What arch is the longest and highest? | Medial longitudinal arch |
| What makes up the medial longitudinal arch? | Calcaneus, talus, navicular, medial cuneiform, and 1st metatarsal bone |
| How does the lateral longitudinal arch compare to the medial? | It is lower |
| What makes up the lateral longitudinal arch? | Calcaneus, cuboid, 5th metatarsal bone |
| How does the transverse arch compare to the other arches? | Concave from medial to lateral in midtarsal and tarsometatarsal areas |
| To prevent the two ends from moving apart, a tie-rod is placed across base of foot, what is the tie-rod? | Plantar aponeurosis, as well as contraction of intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of foot |
| When muscles contract in closed chain motion, what does the force produce on the arches? | Tightens the arches |
| What is the role of tibialis posterior and fibularis longus with respect to the arch? | Major effect on transverse arch but also tighten longitudinal arch |
| What muscles span the medial arch? | Flexor hallucis longus and abductor hallucis |
| What muscle spans the lateral arch? | Abductor digiti minimi |
| What muscles run the midplantar length? | Flexor digitorum brevis, quadratus plantae, flexor digitorum longus |
| What muscles tighten the longitudinal arches? | Tibialis posterior, fibularis longus, flexor digitorum brevis, quadratus plantae, flexor digitorum longus |
| What muscles affect the transverse arch? | Tibialis posterior, fibularis longus, adductor hallucis |
| When do the muscles of the toes have limited function? | In open chain motion |
| When do the muscles of the toes have great importance? | In closed chain motions of walking and running |
Created by:
nnguyen44
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