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Lower Limb Bone
Lower Limb Bones
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How many vertebrae are in the sacrum? | 5 and they're all fused. |
| What is a crest? | 5 spinous processes formed together |
| What is spina bfida? | When the laminate doesn't fuse in spinous process |
| What is the sacral hiatus? | Non-fusion by S5 laminate -enclosed by small piece of fibrocartilage |
| What makes up the sacral coccygeal joint? | Sacral horn articulates with coccyx |
| What does the auricular surface articulates with? | Ilium |
| What attaches to the ala? | Iliac muscle |
| Hip bone is made by which 3 bones? | Ilium Pubis Ischium |
| What is another name for the hip? | Os Coxae Innominate bone |
| What hip bones make up the acetabulum? | All 3 - ilium, pubis, ischium |
| What crosses the external surface of the hip bone? | 3 lines -posterior, anterior, and inferior gluteal line |
| What muscle attaches to the supra-acetabular groove (sulcus)? | Head of Rectus femoris |
| Where is the supra-acetabular groove located? | Surface of ilium |
| What is the iliac fossa? | Internal concave surface |
| What is behind the iliac fossa? | Rough surface that is divided into two portions - anterior and posterior |
| The anterior portion is also known as | Auricular surface |
| What does the anterior portion articulates with? | Similar surface on the side of the sacrum |
| What is the posterior portion known as | Iliac tuberosity |
| What does the iliac tuberosity attach to? | Ligaments |
| Where is the arcuate line located? | Internal surface of the hip bone |
| Describe the iliac crest | Superior convex border Ends in ASIS and PSIS |
| Where is the iliac tubercle? | About 5 cm behind the ASIS |
| Anterior border of ilium presents two projections. Name them. | Anterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine |
| Where is the iliopectineal (iliopubic) eminence? | Medial to the anterior inferior spine |
| What marks the point of union of the ilium and pubis? | Iliopectineal eminence |
| Posterior border of the ilium presents two projections. Name them. | Posterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine |
| What separates the two projections n the posterior border of the ilium? | A notch |
| Where is the greater sciatic notch? | A deep notch below the PIIS |
| How many borders and surfaces are on the hip bone? | 5 borders 2 surfaces |
| What muscle attaches to the ASIS | Sartorius and TFL |
| What attaches to the head of the femur? | Lunate surface |
| What is in the acetabular fossa? | Small amount of fat Acts as a reservoir for synovial fluid |
| Describe the self-locking mechanism of the hip | Weight applies on sacrum then tightens the iliac |
| What is the function of the gluteal line? | Separates different gluteus muscles |
| What bone forms the lower and back part of the hip bone? | Ischium |
| Ischium is divisible into what? | Body and a ramus |
| The body of the ischium makes up how much of the acetabulum | 2/5 |
| Where is the ischial spine? | Thin eminence that extends backwards from posterior border of ischium |
| What is above the ischial spine? | Greater sciatic notch |
| What is below the ischial spine? | Lesser sciatic notch |
| Where is the ischial tuberosity located? | Posterior-inferior aspect of body of ischium |
| The ischium rams joins what to form what? | It joins the inferior rams of pubis to form inferior border (ischiopubic ramus) of hip bone |
| What bone forms the anterior and inferior part of hip bone? | Pubis |
| Pubis is divisible into what? | Body, superior ramus, and inferior rams |
| What does the pubic body articulate with on the other side at the pubic symphysis? | Pubic bone on other side |
| Where is the pubic crest located? | Superior surface of the body |
| Where is the pubic tubercle? | Lateral end of the body |
| What does the superior ramus unite with and what is this junction called? | Unites with ilium superiorly Junction is a rough eminence - iliopectineal eminence |
| What forms the upper boundary of the obturator foramen? | Superior ramus |
| What attaches to the margins of the obturator foramen? | Obturator membrane |
| What kind of shape is the inferior rams? | Thin and flat |
| What does the inferior ramus join with to form what? | Joints inferior ischial ramus to form inferior border of hip bone (ischia-pubic ramus) |
| Describe the acetabulum | Deep, cup shaped hemispherical depression on lateral surface of hip bone |
| What forms the acetabulum? | Medially - pubis Above - ilium Laterally and below - ischium |
| Where is the acetabular notch? | Below the acetabulum - at bottom |
| What is the acetabular fossa? | Non-articular depression at bottom of the cavity |
| What is the lunate surface? | Curved articular surface that articulates with head of femur |
| What is the longest and strongest bone in the skeleton? | Femur |
| Describe femur | Long bone with a body and two ends |
| What presents the upper end of the femur? | Head Neck Greater trochanter Lesser trochanter |
| Describe the head of the femur | Spherical, directed upwards, medial ward, and a little forward |
| What is the ovoid depression of the head called? | Fovea capitis femoris |
| Where is the fovea capitis femurs located? | Little below and behind center of head |
| Where is the greater trochanter located? | Junction of the neck with the upper part of the body |
| What kind of shape is the greater trochanter? | Large, irregular quadrilateral eminence |
| What kind of shape is the lesser trochanter? | Conical eminence |
| What does the intertrochanteric line connect? | Greater and lesser trochanters on the anterior side |
| What does the intertrochanteric crest connect? | Greater and lesser trochanters on the back |
| What is the quadrate tubercle? | Bony projection on intertrochanteric crest |
| What strengthens the shaft of the femur? | Prominent longitudinal ridge - linea aspera |
| What three ridges prolong the lines aspera? | Lateral - gluteal tuberosity Below - medial and lateral supracondylar ridge |
| What tip lips make up the lines aspera and where are they? | Lateral and medial lips on middle third of bone |
| What separates the two condyles at the lower end? | In front - shallow articular depression - patellar surface Behind - deep notch - intercondylar fossa |
| Which condyle is more prominent of the femur? | Lateral |
| Which condyle is longer of the femur? | Medial |
| What is above each condyle of the femur? | Medial and lateral epicondyle |
| Where is the adductor tubercle? | On top of medial epicondyle |
| What attaches to the intercondylar fossa? | Crucial ligaments (ACL,PCL) |
| What attaches to the medial surface of the greater trochanter? | Superior gemelli, inferior gemelli, and obturator internus |
| What attaches to the quadratus tubercle? | Quadratus femoris |
| What attaches to the greater trochanter? | Piriformis, gluteus medius/minimus, obturator externus/internus |
| What attaches to the lesser greater? | Iliopsoas |
| What attaches to the linea aspera? | Adductor muscles |
| What is a sesamoid bone? | Bone that grow within the tendon or ligament |
| What are some examples of a sesamoid bone | Patella, pisiform |
| What is the shape of the patella? | Flat, triangular - located in front of knee joint |
| Where does the patella develop in? | Tendon of the quadriceps femoris |
| What makes up the patella? | Anterior and posterior surface 3 borders Apex |
| Describe anterior surface | Convex that is covered by expansion from tendon of the quadriceps femoris Continuous below with the patellar ligament |
| Describe posterior surface | Smooth, oval articular area Divided into two facets by vertical ridge Below articular surface, rough-nonarticular area which gives attachment to patellar ligament |
| Name the 3 borders of the patella | Superior, medial, and lateral |
| What do the borders of the patella attach to? | Quadriceps tendon |
| Describe the apex | Pointed which attaches to patellar ligament |
| What does the patella articulate with? | Femur |
| What kind of one is the tibia? | Long bone with two ends and a shaft |
| What are the two eminences of the upper end of the tibia? | Medial and lateral condyles |
| What separates the two smooth articular facets on the superior articular surface of the tibia? | Intercondylar eminence |
| Where is the tibial tuberosity? | Anterior to the condyles |
| The deep transverse groove posterior to the medial condyle attaches what muscle? | Semimembranosus |
| The flat articular facet of the lateral condyle articulates with what? | Head of fibula |
| Where is Gerdy's tubercle located? | On lateral condyle of tibia where iliotibial band inserts |
| How many borders and surfaces make up the shaft of the tibia? | 3 borders 3 surfaces |
| Which of the borders of the shaft of the tibia is most prominent? | Anterior border |
| Describe the lateral border | AKA interosseous border Thin and prominent |
| Describe the medial surface of the shaft of the tibia | Smooth and subcutaneous |
| Posterior surface of the shaft of the tibia has a prominent ridge on the upper part. What is it called? | Soleal line |
| How many surface make up the lower end of the tibia? | 5 |
| What is the process on the lower end of the tibia? | Medial malleolus |
| What is on the lateral surface of the lower end of the tibia? | Fibular notch for fibula |
| Fibula is on what side of the tibia | Lateral side Articulates above and below |
| Describe upper end (head) of fibula | Irregular quadrate form and contains articular surface that articulates with lateral condyle of tibia |
| Describe the apex on the head of fibula | Projects upward from the posterior part of the head |
| How many borders and surfaces are on the shaft of the fibula | 3 borders 3 surfaces |
| Which border gives attachment to the interosseous membrane? | Medial (interosseous) border |
| What is on the lower end of the fibula? | Lateral malleolus |
| Distal end of the of tibia articulates with what bone? | Talus |
| What 3 parts make up the foot? | Tarsus, metatarsus, phalanges |
| How many bones make up the tarsus? | 7 tarsal bone, arranged in 3 groups |
| What are the 3 arrangement of groups in the tarsus | Proximal group - talus above and calcaneus below Intermediate group - navicular, articulates posteriorly with head of talus Distal group - cuboid and 3 cuneiforms (lateral, intermediate, and medial) |
| What makes up the talus? | Body, neck, and head |
| Which surface of the talus articulates with medial and lateral malleolus? | Medial surface - medial malleolus Lateral surface - lateral malleolus |
| What does the superior surface of the talus articulate with? | Distal end of tibia |
| What does the inferior surface of the talus articulate with? | Calcaneus |
| What part of the talus articulates with the navicular bone? | Head |
| Which of the tarsal bones is the largest? | Calcaneus |
| Where is the calcaneus located? | Lower and back part of the foot |
| What is the function of the calcaneus? | Transmit weight of body to the ground |
| How many surfaces of the calcaneus articulates with the talus? | 3 superior articular surfaces |
| What is the calcanea tuberosity? | Transverse elevation bounding the inferior (plantar) surface |
| Where is the sustentaculum tali and what is its function? | Medial surface of calcaneus - upper and forepart Below is a groove for tendon of flexor hallucis longs |
| What does the anterior surface of calcaneus articulate with? | Cuboid |
| Where is the cuboid on the foot? | Lateral side of foot In front of calcaneus Behind 4th and 5th metatarsal |
| The plantar surface of the cuboid has a groove for which muscle? | Fibulas (peroneus) |
| How many bones make up the metatarsus? | 5 |
| Axis of foot passes through which toe? | 2nd toe and metatarsal bone |
| What is the implication of the axis on the 2nd toe? | Adduction and abduction of toe are considered relative to this toe |
| How many phalanges are there in the foot? | 14 -2 for big toe -3 for the rest of toes |
| How is the 5th metatarsal bone recognized | Tuberosity on lateral side of its base |
Created by:
nnguyen44
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