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Prax 0014 physic sci
Praxis II test 0014 science - physical science
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| physical science components | structures and properties of objects, materials and matters; motion and force; light, heat, electricity, magnetism; energy (transfer, consumption, production) |
| atom | something so small it can no longer be divided. it is the basis of chemistry and makes up all matter |
| nucleus | protons and neutrons and seven shells (orbiting electrons); has a positive charge, the center of an atom, contains neutrons and protons |
| neutrons | no charge; located in the nucleus, symbol is 'n' |
| protons | positive charge; located in the nucleus; symbolized by 'p' |
| electrons | negatively charged; located in the shells that orbit an atom's nucleus; symbol is 'e' |
| atomic number | the number of electrons |
| atomic mass | figured based on the total number of protons and neutrons |
| element | matter than cannot be separated into different kinds of matter |
| compound | the chemical bonding of two or more elements |
| SiO2 | sand or glass |
| NaCHO3 | baking soda |
| NaCL | table salt |
| CO | carbon monoxide |
| Gas | has week molecular forces with no shape or color, or volume and can expand infinitely |
| liquid | takes on the shape of the container that holds it and has definite volume with molecular forces weaker than a solid |
| solid | has defined and definite volume with strong molecular forces and holds a shape |
| solid to liquid or liquid to gas | decrease pressure and increase energy |
| condensation | changes gas to liquid |
| sublimation | changes from solid to gas skipping liquid |
| deposition | changes from gas to solid skipping liquid |
| energy | necessary to do work; cannot be created or desproyed; defined by seperating into seven categories which relate to the forms of physical science: heat, sound, light, magnetism, mechanical, electric, chemical, nuclear |
| work (w) | when an object is moved through a distance in response to some force; energy is transferred from one object to another w=fd |
| power | the rate of doing work |
| potential energy | the energy that could do work if released; a ball resting at the top of a steep hill |
| kinetic energy | energy that is doing work or is occurring. ex. a ball rolling down a steep hill |
| Law of conservation of matter | states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed. E=mc^2 |
| Law of conservation of matter and energy | states the sum of matter and energy in the universe remains the same |
| heat energy and states of matter | the motion of particles within a substance cause heat; all objects are made up of atoms and/or molecules that are in a constant state of motion; the cooler an object is, the slower the motion of particles; the hotter the faster |
| melting | when a solid reaches a point at which its particles move so rapidly that they escape their boundaries and begin moving more freely |
| vaporization/evaporation | when particles in a liquid are headed to such a temperature as to make them uncontainable within liquid boundaries |
| diffusion | the movement of particles from a high concentration to an area of low concentration. in a system, diffusion occurs until the concentrations in all areas is the same. called a state of equilibrium |
| gravity | acceleration of objects toward the center of the earth |
| inertia | the state of an object remaining at rest or in motion |
| friction | the force between any two objects that come into contact with one another. cannot be eliminated |
| matter | can not be created or destroyed can be converted into another form without losing its mass |
| heat | can be produced in many ways, all of which cause an increase in the motion of particles of a substance |
| types of heat movement follow: | conduction, convection, radiation |
| conduction | heat moves from warmer to cooler areas along materials that conduct heat (wire and rod) |
| convection | heat is transferred through collisions of molecules and occurs only in liquids and gases as they circulate |
| radiation | heat is transmitted in the form of infrared radiation and occurs only in gases and empty space |
| sound | controlled by vibrations;speed depends upon space btwn molecules.travels quickest through solids slowest through gas; more rapic vibration=higher pitch; travels through solids liquids and gas; objects produce it by causing a series of compressions&waves |
| wave | a longitudinal movement in which the compressions and rare fractions travel spherically outward from the source |
| wavelength | the distance between two succssive compressions or two successive rare fractions (waves) |
| pitch | how high or low the sound is; rate of vibration |
| amplitude | loudness/volume; caused by force used to create the sound (greater force=louder sound) |
| quality | a distinctive timbre; caused by source of the sound |
| light | travels through anything transparent or translucent. 4 rules: travels in rays (straight lines), denser the object/medium slower travel; travels in transverse ways; an electromagnetic wave created by causing the electrons to move rapidly and emit energy |
| transverse wave | has a series of crests and troughs; like dropping a pebble into still water |
| wavelength | distance between the crest or troughs |
| reflection | caused by light rays bouncing off a surface |
| refraction | caused by the bending of light rays as they passed from one medium to another |
| magnetism | involves magnets which has two poles N and S; rules: similar poles repel, opposites attract |
| electric energy | can be found in different forms; kinds of energy that can produce light, heat, motion and magnetic force. flows through a conductor as current. like charges repel, opposite attract |
| electric current | contains an electrical energy and a conductor |
| conductor | a material that allows electric current to flow through it (ex. copper, gold, aluminum, silver |
| insulators | material that does not allow electric current to flow through it (wood, rubber, plastic) |
| voltage | amount of force of he current |
| amperage | amount of electricity that flows through a conductor |
| resistance | causes electron flow to do the work and decreases flow of amerage in a circuit |
| circuit | the path that an electric current flows. 2 types: series and parallel |
| series | the resistances are connected to one another, one following another. if one resistance is disconnected, the circuit fails to work |
| parallel | each resistance is connected to the main circuit with its own connection. if one is disconnected the others still work |
| static electricity | a result of the accumulation of electric charges |
| mechanical energy | relates to that action or power created by use of machines |
| simple machine | a tool with few or no moving parts that does work. six types: lever, wedge, incline plane, pulley, wheel&axel, screw |
| lever | magnifies force, increases speed or changers directions and is used to lift things. 3 types/classes/levels |
| 1st class lever | fulcrum is in the middle or between the effort and the load (seesaw) |
| 2nd class lever | folcrum is at one end so the load is in between the fulcrum and the effort. ex. stapler, wheelbarror |
| 3rd class lever | fulcrum is at the end and the effort is between the fulcrum and the lad. ex. tweezers, fishing rod |
| wedge | magnifies force, used to push things apart, or secure things together |
| incline plane | magnifies force and distance increases. is used to help move things up and down, and reducdes the force needed |
| pulley | reduces force needed to move an object, but increases the distance. is a wheel and a rope that moves things up and down, and changes the direction of force |
| wheel and axel | increases speed, facilitates motion and movement of objects |
| screw | magnifies force by increasing distance |
| law of simple machines | the force put into the machine (effor force) times the distance the effor moves squals the output force from the machine(resistance( times the distance the resistance moves |
| chemical energy | the result of the materials found on earth interacting with another materials. materials are elements, compounds or mistures. |
| element | a simple form of matter and everything in the universe is made up of some sort of it; 92 found naturally and 21 are manmade(all radioactive) |
| compound | the result of the chemical reaction of two or more elements |
| mixture | when two or more elements combine without a chemical reaction |
| nuclear energy | the nucleus of the atom forms a different kid of element producing increased energy. this change of disintegration of the nucleus represents the half life of the substance |
| radioactivity | a form of nuclear energy that can be used in the field of medicne, creating electricty, or powering generators |
| 2 kinds of nuclear reactions | fission and fusion |
| fission | when the nuclei of atoms are disintegrated(for ex nuclear reactors or atomic bomb) |
| fusion | when two or more nuclei are smashed together with increased froce to form a different kind of nucleus (ex. the sun or a hydrogen bomb) |
Created by:
allie424
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