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Reproductive System
chapter 27
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| primary sex organs | - gonads - testes in males and ovaries in females |
| what do gonads produce? | - produce gametes - secrete sex hormones |
| accessory reproductive organs | - ducts, glands, and external genitalia |
| what are the sex hormones? | - males: androgens - females: estrogen and progesterone |
| Functions of sex hormones | - The development and function of the reproductive organs - Sexual behavior and drives - The growth and development of many other organs and tissues |
| what do the testes do? | - produce sperm - found in scrotum |
| how does sperm exit? | - through a system of ducts: - epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, and the urethra |
| MALE accessory sex organs | - seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands |
| what do accessory sex organs do during ejaculation? | - empty secretions into ducts |
| scrotum | - Sac of skin and superficial fascia that hangs outside the abdominopelvic cavity at the root of the penis |
| what does the positioning of the scrotum do? | - keeps the testes 3 degrees cooler (for sperm production) |
| what keeps intrascrotal pressure constant? | - dartos - cremaster |
| what is dartos? | - smooth muscle that wrinkles scrotal skin |
| what is cremaster? | - bands of skeletal muscle that elevate the testes |
| what does the septa do? | - divide the testis into 250-300 lobules, each containing 1-4 seminiferous tubules |
| what two tunicas are each testes surrounded by? | - tunica vaginalis, derived from peritoneum - tunica albuginea, the fibrous capsule of the testis |
| what do the Seminiferous tubules do? | - produce sperm |
| Testicular arteries | - branch from the abdominal aorta |
| Testicular veins | - arise from the pampiniform plexus |
| What do interstitial Leydig cells? | - outside the seminiferous tubules produce androgens |
| Parts of the epidermis | - head (caps superior aspect of the testis) - body - tails |
| what happens to the epidermis after ejaculation? | - it contracts and the sperm is expelled into the ductus deferens |
| Vasectomy | - cuts ductus deferens |
| What does the Spermatic cord enclose? | - ductus deference - nerve fibers - blood vessels - lymphatics that supply the testes |
| Urethra | - conveys semen and urine (at different times) |
| Three parts of the urethra | - Prostatic – portion surrounded by the prostate - Membranous – lies in the urogenital diaphragm - Spongy, or penile – runs through penis and opens to the outside at the external urethral orifice |
| Prepuce/foreskin | - cuff of skin covering the distal end of the penis |
| what does the penis consist of? | - attached root and free shaft (shaft ends in glans penis) |
| Internal Penis | - the urethra and three cylindrical bodies of erectile tissue |
| Erectile tissue | - spongy network of connective tissue and smooth muscle riddled with vascular spaces |
| penis | - A copulatory organ designed to deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract |
| Erection | - during sexual excitement, the erectile tissue fills with blood causing the penis to enlarge and become rigid |
| corpus spongiosum | - surrounds the urethra and expands to form the glans and bulb of the penis |
| corpus cavernosa | - paired dorsal erectile bodies bound by fibrous tunica albuginea |
| where are the seminal vesicles? | - posterior wall of bladder - secretes 60% of semen |
| the seminal vesicles join the ductus deferens to form what? | - ejaculatory duct (where sperm and seminal fluid mix before going to the prostatic urethra during ejaculation) |
| prostate gland | - circular shaped gland that encircles part of the urethra inferior to the bladder |
| does the prostate play a role in sperm activation? | - YES |
| fluid of prostate gland | - 1/3 of semen volume - milky, slightly acidic fluid contains citrate, enzymes, and prostate specific antigen (PSA) |
| Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper’s Glands) | - pea sized glands inferior to prostate - produce thick and clear mucus before ejaculation |
| what are the primary reproductive organs for females? | - ovaries |
| what are the female gametes called? | - ova |
| FEMALE accessory ducts | - uterine tubes, vagina, uterus |
| FEMALE internal genetalia | - ovaries and internal ducts |
| what are the ligaments that hold the ovaries in place? | - ovarian: anchors ovary medially to uterus - suspensory: anchors ovary laterally to pelvic wall - mesovarium: suspends ovary by attaches to hilum of ovary |
| what is the broad ligament? | - supports uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina - contains suspensory ligament and mesovarium |
| what are the ovaries surrounded by? | - fibrous tunica albuginea |
| where are the ovarian follicles located? | - embedded in ovarian cortex |
| what is a follicle? | - immature egg (oocyte) surrounded by follicle cells (1 layer) and granulosa cells |
| what are the stages for follicles? | - primoridal follicle - primary follicle - secondary follicle - graafian follicle |
| what is the primoridal follicle? | - one layer of squamous like follicle cells surrounds the oocyte - most immature stage |
| what is the primary follicle? | - two or more layers of cuboidal granulosa cells enclose the oocyte |
| what is the secondary follicle? | - has a fluid-filled space between granulosa cells that combine to form a central antrum |
| what is the graafian follicle? | - secondary follicle at its most mature stage that bulges from the surface of the ovary |
| what is the corpus luteum? | - ruptured follicle after ovulation |
| what is ovulation? | - ejection of the oocyte from the ripening follicle |
| the uterine tubes touch the ovaries | FALSE oocyte is ejected into peritoneal cavity |
| what carries the oocyte towards the uterus | - using peristalsis and ciliary action |
| what is the Mesosalpinx? | – visceral peritoneum that supports the uterine tubes |
| what do cervical glands secrete? | - mucus that covers the external os and blocks sperm entry except during midcycle |
| what is the uterus? | - Hollow, thick-walled organ located in the pelvis - anterior to the rectum - posterosuperior to the bladder |
| what is the body? | - major portion of uterus |
| what is the fundus? | - rounded region superior to the entrance of the uterine tubes - far from entrance |
| What is the Isthmus? | - narrowed region between the body and cervix |
| What is the cervix? | - narrow neck which projects into the vagina inferiorly |
| What is the cervical canal? | made of external os and internal os - internal os: the opening of the cervix into the body of the uterus - external os: the opening of the uterine cervix into the vagina |
| what are the supports of the uterus? | - mesometrium - lateral cervical ligaments - uterosacral ligaments - round ligaments |
| what is the mesometrium? | - portion of the broad ligament that supports the uterus laterally |
| what is the lateral cervical ligaments? | - extend from the cervix and superior part of the vagina to the lateral walls of the pelvis |
| what is the uterosacral ligament? | - paired ligaments that secure the uterus to the sacrum |
| what is the round ligament? | - bind the anterior wall to the labia majora |
| what are the peritoneal pouches? | pouches of peritoneum around uterus - Vesicouterine pouch: lies between the bladder and the uterus - Rectouterine pouch: lies between the rectum and the uterus |
| what are the layers of the uterine wall? | - perimetrium - myometrium - endometrium |
| what is the perimetrium? | - outermost serous layer; the visceral peritoneum |
| what is the myometrium? | - middle layer; interlacing layers of smooth muscle |
| what is the endometrium? | - mucosal lining of the uterine cavity |
| what are the layers of the endometrium? | - stratum functionalis - stratum basalis |
| What is the stratum functionalis? | - Layer of endometrium - Undergoes cyclic changes in response to ovarian hormones - Is shed during menstruation |
| What is the stratum basalis? | - layer of endometrium - does not respond to ovarian hormones - forms a new functionalis after menstruation ends |
| What causes the functionalis to shed during menstruation? | - Degeneration and regeneration of spiral arteries |
| What makes up the Uterine Vascvular Supply? | - uterine arteries - radial branches - arcuate arteries |
| What are uterine arteries? | - ascend sides of uterus - arise from internal illiacs - send branches into uterine wall |
| what are the arcuate arteries? | - branches of uterine arteries in myometrium - give rise to radial branches |
| what are the radial branches? | - descend into endometrium - give off spiral arteries (stratum functionalis) - give off straight arteries (stratum basalis) |
| what is the vagina? | - thin walled tube between bladder and rectum - extends from cervix to outside of body - urethra embedded in anterior wall - organ of copulation - wall consists of three coats - mucosa near vaginal orfice form incomplete partition: hymen |
| what is the vaginal fornix? | - upper end of the vagina surrounding the cervix |
| what is the vulva? | - includes mons pubis, labia, clitoris, other vestibular structures - external to vagina |
| what is the Mons pubis? | - round, fatty area overlying the pubic symphysis |
| what is the Labia majora? | - elongated, hair covered, fatty skin folds - like male scrotum |
| what is the labia minora? | - hair-free skin folds lying within the labia majora - like the ventral penis |
| what are the Greater vestibular glands? | - Pea-size glands flanking the vagina |
| what is the clitoris? | - erectile tissue hooded by the prepuce - exposed part is called the glans - like penis |
| what is the perineum? | - diamond shaped region between pubic arch and coccyx - bordered by ischial tuberocities laterally |
| what are mammary glands? | - 15-25 lobes that radiate at and open at the nipple - Lobes contain glandular alveoli that produce milk in lactating m. - Compound alveolar glands pass milk to lactiferous ducts, which open to the outside |
| what is the aerola? | - pigmented skin surrounding the nipple |
| what is the function of suspensory ligaments? | - attach the breast to underlying muscle fascia |
| what is erection? | - parasympathetic nervous system - promotes release of nitrous acid |
| function of corpus spongiosum | - keeps urethra open during ejaculation |
Created by:
davisobr
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